Майкл Киммел - Гендерное общество

23 Gregersen E. Sexual Practices. New York: Franklin Watts, 1983. P. 104.

420

24 Цит. по: Abusharaf R.M. Unmasking Tradition // The Sciences. 1998. March/April. P. 23.

2S

См., напр.: Zoske J. Male Circumcision: A Gender Perspective // Journal of Men's Studies. 1998. Vol. 6. № 2.

2 Paige K., Paige J. The Politics of Reproductive Ritual. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1981.

27 Tavris C., Wade C. The Longest War. P. 314; см. также: Paige K., Paige J. The Politics of Reproductive Ritual; Mernissi F.

Beyond the Veil: Male-Female Dynamics in a Modern Muslim Society. New York: Wiley, 1975.

28

Olien M. The Human Myth. New York: Harper and Row, 1978; Martin M.K., Voorhies B. Female of the Species.

New York: Columbia University Press, 1975.

30

Williams W. The Spirit and the Flesh. Boston: Beacon Press, 1986.

Gregersen E. Sexual Practices. P. 270.

Martin M.K., Voorhies B. Female of the Species. P. 97.

32 К.Клакхон (1948) цит. по: Kluckhohn С. Mirror for Man. Greenwich, Conn.: Fawcett, 1970.

33 Herdt G. Guardians of the Flutes. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981. P. I, 165,282.

34 Williams F.E. Papuans of the Trans-Fly. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1936. P. 159; см. также: Schiefflin E.L. The Sorrow of the Lonely and the Burning of the Dancers. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1976; Kelly R. Etero Social Structure. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1977; Carrier J. Sex Role Preference as a Explanatory Variable in Homosexual Behavior // Archives of Sexual Behavior. 1977. Vol. 6.

Davenport W. Sex in Cross-Cultural Perspective // Human Sexuality in Four Perspectives / Ed. F.Beach, M.Diamond. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press,1977; см. также: Ritualized Homosexuality in Melanesia /

Ed. G.Herdt. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984. F. 66.

38 39

Gregersen E. Sexual Practices. P. 257.

Ibid.

Davenport W. Sex in Cross-Cultural Perspective.

Friedl E. Women and Men: An Anthropologist's View. New York: Holt, Rinehart, 1975.

40

Gregersen E. Sexual Practices. P. 253. Kluckhohn C. Mirror for Man. Gregersen E. Sexual Practices. P. 289.

43

Tanner N., Zihlman A. Women in Evolution // Signs. 1976. Vol. 1. № 3; Tanner N. Becoming Human. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1981; Zihlman A. Motherhood in Transition: From Ape to Human // The First Child and Family Formation /

Ed. W.Miller, LNewman. Chapel Hill: Carolina Population Center, 1978.

421

44 Fisher H. The Anatomy of Love. New York: Norton, 1992. P. 57.

45 Rosaldo M. The Use and Abuse of Anthropology: Reflections on Feminism and Cross-Cultural Understanding //

Signs. 1980. Vol. 5. № 3. P. 393; рецензия Бонни Нарди на кн. П.Р.Санди «Female Power and Male

Dominance»: Sex Roles. 1982. Vol. 8. № 11. P. 1159.

46 Gimbutas M. The Goddesses and Gods of Old Europe, 7000-3500 B.C. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982; Eisler R. The Chalice and the Blade. New York: HarperCollins, 1987.

47 Eisler R. The Chalice and the Blade. P. 45, 58.

Fukuyama F. Women and the Evolution of World Politics // Foreign Affairs. 1998. September. P. 27.

49

Leacock E. Montagnais Women and the Jesuit Program for Colonization. P. 200.

Глава 4

1 Freud S. The Dissection of the Psychical Personality // Freud S. New Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis. New York: W.W.Norton, 1965. P. 74.

2 Ibid. P. 76.

3 Freud S. Civilisation and Its Discontents. New York: W.W.Norton, 1970,

4 Letters of Sigmund Freud, 1873-1939 / Ed. E.Freud. London: Hogarth Press, 1961. P. 419-420.

5 Masson J. The Assault on Truth. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1984; Miller A. Thou Shalt Not Be Aware: Society's Betrayal of the Child. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1984; Idem. For Your Own Good. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1983.

Terman L., Cox Miles C. Sex and Personality. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1936; см. также: Minton H. Feminity in Men and Masculinity in Women: American Psychiatry and Psychology Portray Homosexuality in the 1930s // Journal of Homosexuality.

1986. Vol. 13. № 1.

Henry G. Psychogenic Factors in Overt Homosexuality // American Journal of Psychiatry. 1937. Vol. 93; цит. по: Minton H.

Femininity in Men and Masculinity in Women. P. 2. Однако отметим: Генри добавляет, что эти тенденции не просто

возникнут, а социальная реакция на эти черты их преувеличит и укрепит; т.е. открытая гомофобная реакция на самом

деле лишь поощрит тенденцию к гомосексуальности.

оPiaget J. Plays, Dreams and Imitation in Children. New York: Norton, 1951; Idem. The Language and Thought of the Child.

London: Routledge, 1952; Idem. The Moral Judgement of the Child. New York: Free Press, 1965.

Kohlberg L. A Cognitive-Developmental Analysis of Children's Sex Role Concepts and Attitudes // The Development of Sex Differences Ed. E.Maccoby. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1966; Kohlberg L., Zigler E. The Impact of Cognitive Maturity on the Development of Sex Role Attitudes in the Years 4 to 8 / Genetic Psychology Monographs.

1967. Vol. 75.

422

'°BanduraA.,HustonA. Identification as a Process of Incidental Learning // Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology. 1961.

Vol. 63; Bandura A., Ross D., Ross S. A Comparative Test of the Status Envy, Social Power, and Secondary Reinforcement Theories of Indeificatory Learning // Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology. 1963. Vol. 67; Mischel W. A Social-Learning View of Sex Differences // The Development of Sex Differences / Ed. E.Maccoby.

1' См.: Homey K. On the Genesis of the Castration Complex in Women // Psychoanalysis and Women Ed. J.B.Miller. New York: Bruner Mazel, 1973.

12 Bettelheim B. Symbolic Wounds. New York: Collier, 1962; Lederer W. The Fear of Women. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1968.

13 Chodorow N. The Reproduction of Mothering. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978; Benjamin J. The Bonds of Love. New York: Pantheon, 1984; Dinnerstein D. The Mermaid and the Minotaur. New York: Harper and Row, 1977; Rubin L.

Intimate Strangers. New York: Harper and Row, 1983. У этих трех авторов — Чодороу, Бенджамин и Рубин — докторская

степень по социологии, и они одновременно являются практикующими психотерапевтами. Такое сочетание, с моей

точки зрения, дало им возможность с исключительной проницательностью исследовать социальные последствия

индивидуального обесценивания женщины.

Chodorow N. The Reproduction of Mothering; см. также: Idem. Family Structure and Feminine Personality // Women, Culture and Society / Ed. M.Rosaldo, L.Lamphere. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1974.

Chodorow N. Family Structure and Feminine Personality. P. 50.

Gilligan C. In a Different Voice. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1982. P. 173.

Belenky M.F. et al. Women's Way of Knowing. New York: Basic Books, 1987; Tannen D. You Just Don't Understand. New York: William Morrow, 1990; Bly R. Iron John. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1991.

I8

См.: Crothers H. Meditations on Votes for Women. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, 1914. P. 74.

Gilligan C. Reply // On In a Different Voice: An Interdisciplinary Forum // Signs. 1986. Vol. 11. № 2. P. 327.

Tavris C. The Mismeasure of Woman // Feminism and Psychology. 1993. Vol. 3. № 2. P. 153.

Tannen D. You Just Don't Understand. P. 24—25, см. также: Idem. Gender and Discourse. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994.

22 23

Tannen D. You Just Don't Understand. P. 181.

Maccoby E., Jacklin C. The Psychology of Sex Differences. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1974. P. 362.

Джозеф Плек предложил превосходное резюме этих исследований: Pleck J. The Theory of Male Sex Role Identity: Its Rise and Fall, 1936 to the Present // In the Shadow of the Past: Psychology Views the Sexes / Ed. M.Lewin. New York: Columbia University Press, 1984. Многое из его эссе я использовал в своем обзоре.

423

25 Adorno T. et al. The Authoritarian Personality. New York: Harper and Row, 1950.

26 Miller D., Swanson E.G. Inner Conflict and Defense. New York: Holt, 1960.

27 Parsons T. Certain Primary Sources and Patterns of Aggression in the Social Structure of the Western World //

Psychiatry. 1947. Vol. 10. P. 309.

28 Bern S. The Measurement of Psychological Androgyny // Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 1974.

Vol. 42; Idem, Androgyny vs. the Tight Little Lives of Fluffy Women and Chesty Men // Psychology Today. 1975.

September; Idem. Beyond Androgyny: Some Presumptuous Prescriptions for a Liberated Sexual Identity // The Future of Women: Issues in Psychology / Ed. J.Sherman, F.Denmark. New York: Psychological Dimensions, 1978.

См. также: Kaplan A., Sedney M.A. Psychology and Sex Roles: An Androgynous Perspective. Boston: Little Brown, 1980 (цитата на с. 6); Spence J., Helmreich R., Stapp J. The Personal Attributes Questionaire: A Measure of Sex-Role Stereotypes and Masculinity-Femininity // JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology. 1974.

Vol. 4.

29 Pleck J. The Myth of Masculinity. Cambridge: M.I.T. Press, 1981.

30 Farrell W. The Myth of Male Power. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1993.

~' Я не хочу сказать, что у Плека не было смелой попытки это сделать. В его работе: Pleck J. Men's Power over Women, Other Men and in Society // Women and Men: The Consequences of Power / Ed. D.Hiller, R.Sheets.

Cincinnati: University of Cincinnati Women's Studies, 1977 — теория задействована, насколько это было

возможно, но все же отсутствует адекватное теоретизирование различия и институционализированных

тендерных отношений.

Sartre J.-P. Anti-Semite and Jew. New York: Schocken Press, 1965. P. 60.

Глава 5

1 Pines M. Civilizing of Genes // Psychology Today. 1981. September.

2 Lopata H.Z., Thome B. On The Term «Sex Roles» // Signs. 1978. \Ы. 3. P. 719.

Carrigan Т., Connell В., Lee J. Toward a New Sociology of Masculinity // Theory and Society. 1985. Vol. 14. См. также: Connell R.W. Gender and Power. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1987; Idem. Masculinities. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995; Stacey J., Thome B. The Missing Feminist Revolution in Sociology // Social Problems. 1985. Vol.

32. № 4, — в которых даны тщательная переработка и краткое изложение социологической критики теории

половых ролей.

4 Rhode D. Speaking of Sex. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1997. P. 42.

424

Stacey J., Thorne B. The Missing Feminist Revolution in Sociology. P. 307.

6 Carrigan Т., Connell В., Lee J. Toward a New Sociology of Masculinity. p. 587; см. также: Connell R.W. Gender and Power.