Джим Коллинз - От хорошего к великому. Почему одни компании совершают прорыв, а другие нет...

Rubbermaid

Если и была компания, миновавшая стадию накопления потенциала, то это Rubbermaid. Ее глава запустил «полную реструктуризацию компании, весьма драматичный и травматический шаг». Рост стал мантрой, рост во что бы то ни стало, даже в ущерб долгосрочному раскручиванию маховика. Когда генеральный директор вышел на пенсию, стало очевидно, что он был основной движущей силой, у него не было команды, которая руководствовалась бы «концепцией ежа». Движение маховика замедлилось, компания заболела болезнью реструктуризации и продажи будущего без конкретных результатов сегодня. Rubbermaid потеряла свой титул «самой любимой компании Америки» журнала Fortune's и была куплена Newell всего через пять лет. 16

Teledyne

Teledyne поднялась и пала под гениальным руководством одного человека — Генри Синглтона, по прозвищу Сфинкс. «Концепция ежа» компании была, по сути: следуйте за мозгами Генри. Синглтон осуществил более 100 поглощений в областях от электроники до экзотических металлов. Проблемы возникли, когда Синглтон ушел на пенсию и унес с собой свои мозги. Teledyne полетел вниз по спирали, потом слился с Allegheny. 17

1«Hermit Kingdom», The Wall Street Journal, Dec. 12,1958, l:6;«Remodeling the A&P,» Business Week, March 23, 1963, 36;«Ailing A&P», The Wall Street Journal, April 21,1964, l:6;«NewMen For A&P's Top Rungs», Business Week, June 20,1964,32;«A&P Reorganization Is Announced; Move Takes Effect February 24», The Wall Street Journal, January 15, 1969, 4:2;«A&P — Awakening Giant», Financial World, February 25, 1970, 5;«Great Expectations», Barrens, January 19, 1970, 5;«Renewing A&P? Business Week, February 20, 1971, 68;„How A&P Got Creamed“, Fortune, January 1973, 103;„A&P Goes Outside Ranks For First Time, Picks Scott To Assume Eventual Command“, The Wall Street Journal, Dec. 11, 1974, 8:2.

2„IBM's New Copier“, Business Week, March 22, 1976;„Addressograph Gets Ash and $2.7 Million“, Business Week, October 4, 1976;„How to Nip Away at the Xerox Market“, Business Week, November 8, 1976;„Roy Ash's Challenge“, Newsweek, December 13, 1976;„Roy Ash is Having Fun at Addressogrief-Multigrief“, Fortune, February 27, 1978;„Coup at AM; Roy Ash Resigns Under Fire“, Time, March 23, 1981;„Curious Tale of Mr. Black“, Financial Times, February 27, 1982;„AM Files Chapter 11 Petition“, New York Times, April 15, 1982.

3Gary Hector, Breaking the Bank: The Decline of Bank America (Little Brown & Company, 1988); „At Bank America a New Regime Strives to Reverse Declines“, The Wall Street Journal, May 20,1982,1; „The Cost to Armacost“, Economist, February 16, 1985, 76; „Bank of America Rushes into the Information Age“, Business Week, April 15,1985,110; „Sam Armacost's Sea of Troubles“, Banker, September 1,1985, l;„Schwab Joins the Ranks of Bank of America Dropouts“, Business Week, August 25, 1986, 37; „Add Security Pacific to Bank of America“, The Wall Street Journal, August 13, 1991, Al; „Bank America Finds it Got a Lot of Woe“, The Wall Street Journal, July 22, 1993, Al.

4John Strohmeyer, Crisis in Bethlehem (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1994); „Bethlehem Steel“, The Wall Street Journal, May 13,1977, 4; „Bethlehem Sets New Pay Reduction“, The Wall Street Journal, January 21,1983, 5; „Bethlehem to Ask Probe“, The Wall Street Journal, January 24, 1984, 2; „Making Retirees Share the Pain“, Business Week, April 16, 1984, 50; „Bethlehem Plans Further Cuts“, The Wall Street Journal, January 15, 1985, 2; „Is Bethlehem Investing in a Future it Doesn't Have“, Business Week, July 8 1985, 56; „Bethlehem Exits Freight Car Building“, Journal of Commerce, November 1, 1991, 2B; „Faded Glory“, Forbes, March 16, 1992, 40.

5„Video Follies“, Forbes, November 5, 1984, 43; „Tandy agrees to buy Assets of Eckerd unit“, The Wall Street Journal, July 5, 1985, 4 „Diversification Appeals“, Chain Store Age Executive, August 1,1979,81; „Video Follies“, Forbes, November 5,1984,43–45; „Tandy Agrees to Buy Assets of Eckerd Unit“, The Wall Street Journal, July 5, 1985, 4; „Jack Eckerd Holders will Receive All Cash in a $1.2 Billion Buyout“, The Wall Street Journal, April 21, 1986, 31; „J.C. Penney Gets Eckerd Shares“, The Wall Street Journal, December 18,1996, BIO.

6Great WesternrGreat Western Financial Corporation: Remarks by James F. Montgomery, President, to the Security Analysts of San Francisco, March 8, 1977, The Wall Street Transcript, April 25,1977,46873-46874; Great Western: Great Western Financial Corporation: Remarks by James F.Montgomery, Chairman and President, to the Security Analysts of San Francisco, November 9,1981, The Wall Street Transcript, December 21,1981,64131 -64132; Great Western: Great Western Financial Corporation (GWF): James F. Montgomery, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, to the Los Angeles Society of Financial Analysts, September 11,1984, The Wall Street Transcript, October 22, 1984, 75659-75660; „Great Western: The Corporation: Strategies: How Playing It Safe Worked For Great Western: It waited until regulations eased to go on a buying spree“, Business Week, September 7, 1987, 70; „Great Western: Corporate Focus: Great Western Financial Seeks to Chart a Fresh Course: No. 2 U.S. Thrift Faces Burden of Soured Home Loans, Bloated Overhead“, The Wall Street Journal, May 17, 1993, B4.

7Burrough & Helyar, Barbarians at the Gate (Harper Perennial, 1990); „Cigarette Conglomerate“, Financial World, February 5, 1969, 4; „Voyage into the Unkown“ Forbes, December 1,1971,30; „When Marketing Takes Over at R.J. Reynolds“, Business Week, November 13, 1978, 82.

8„A Paper Tiger Grows Claws,“ Business Week, August 23, 1969, 100–102; „No-Longer-So-Great Scott“, Forbes, August 1, 1972, 25; „Now an outsider will run Scott Paper“, Business Week, April 23, 1979, 39, 42; „Scott a paper tiger“, Advertising Age, November 3, 1980, 96; „Scott Paper's new Chief“, Business Week, November 30,1981, 62; „Scott isn't lumbering anymore“, Fortune, September 30, 1985, 48–55; „Bermuda Triangle,“ Forbes, January 6, 1992, 284; „Al Dunlap: an Insider's View“, Navigator, December 1997;„Did CEO Dunlap save Scott Paper-or just pretty it up? The Shredder“, Business Week, January 15,1996.

9„Silo, Discount Appliance Chain, Enjoys Payoff from Hard Sell“, Barren's, March 29,1971, 35; „An Appliance Dealer with Real Clout“, Business Week, November 6, 1971, 76; „Cyclops Acquires Silo“, The Wall Street Journal, October 16, 1979, 5; „Dixons Makes $384 Million US Bid“, Financial Times, February 18, 1987, 1; „Silo-Dixons Power: How Far Can It Reach“ Consumer Electronics, November 1988, 14; „Dixons Strategic Move into Los Angeles Area“ Financial Times, November 12,1989, 10; „Shake-up at Silo“, Discount Store News, March 4,1991,1; „Dixons Tightens Grip on Silo“, HFD-The Weekly Home Furnishings Newspaper, February 3, 1992, 77.

10„Upjohn: Two Upjohn Antibiotics Barred From Sale; PDA-Drug Company Confrontation is Seen“, The Wall Street Journal, May 15,1969,38; „Upjohn: Tweedle Dee: Upjohn can't ever seem to do quite as well in ethical drugs as Tweedle Dum, its corporate lookalike, Eli Lilly, which is not great shakes either“, Forbes, March 1,1970, 65–66; „Upjohn: Two Upjohn Drugs Linked to 32 Deaths Needn't Be Banned, FDA Aide Testifies“, The Wall Street Journal, January 30, 1975, 14; „Upjohn: Hair-Raising Happenings at Upjohn (Testing a cure for baldness, the company squirms at the unwelcome clamor)“, Fortune, April 6,1981,67–69; „Upjohn: R&D Scoreboard: Drugs“, Business Week, June 22,1987,145; „Upjohn: Upjohn's Stock Falls on Study's Claim Its Anti-Baldness Drug Has Side Effects“, The Wall Street Journal, February 9, 1988, 2; „Upjohn: Law: Upjohn Settles Liability Suit Over Halcion Sleeping Pill“, The Wall Street Journal, August 12,1991, B2.

11„Gillette President S.K. Hensley Resigns to Accept Presidency of Warner-Lambert“, The Wall Street Journal, June 21, 1967, 32; „Say Little, Do Much“, Forbes, December 1, 1974, Page 52; „After the Diversification That Failed“, Business Week, February 28,1977,58; „Turning W-L into a Marketing Conglomerate“ Business Week, March 5, 1979, 60; „Hagan Outlines Strategic Plan“, PR Newswire, October 29, 1980; „Beating the Japanese in Japan“, Forbes, April 27,1981,44.

12«Things Are Adding Up Again at Burroughs», Business Week; March 11, 1967, 192;«How Ray Macdonald's Growth Theory Created IBM's Toughest Competitor», Fortune, January, 1977, 94;«A Tough 'Street Kid' Steps in at Burroughs», Business Week, October 29, 1979, 50;«Will a Shake-Up Revive Burroughs?» Business Week, May 4, 1981, 53;«Can Burroughs Catch Up Again?» Forbes, March 28, 1983, 78.

13Robert A. Lutz, Guts: The Seven Laws of Business that Made Chrysler the World's Hottest Car Company (NewYork John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1998), 27 «President lacocca», The Wall Street Journal, June 28,1982, 1; «Is there life after lacocca», Forbes, April 8, 1985, 75; «Lee lacocca's Time of Trouble», Fortune, March 14,1988, 79; «Can lacocca Fix Chrysler Again?» Fortune, April 8 1991, 50; «After Lee», The Economist, March 21, 1992, 70; «How Chrysler Filled Detroit's Biggest Shoes», The Wall Street Journal, September 7, 1994, Bl; «Daimler-Benz Will Acquire Chrysler in $36 Billion Deal That Will Reshape Industry», The New York Times, May 7,1998, Al:6.

14«Harris-Intertype, Radiation Inc Directors Approve Merger pact Valued at $39 million», The Wall Street Journal, April 3, 1967, 30;«Critical Mass?» Forbes, April 15, 1976, 86;«Technology Transfer's Master,» Business Week, October 10, 1977,120;«Harris Corp.'s Remarkable Metamorphosis,» Forbes, May 26, 1980, 45;«Harris Corp.'s Bold Strategy,» Forbes, April 25, 1983, 96;«Harris is Raising its Bet on the Office of the Future,» Business Week, July 18, 1983, 134;«Harris Corp. Elects Hartley to Added Post of ChiefT The Wall Street Journal, April 1, 1986, 45;„New Harris President Prefers Growth to Downsizing,“ U.P.I., April 23, 1993.