Пер Рудлинг - ОУН и УПА: исследования о создании исторических мифов. Сборник статей

Эмигрантские элиты поддерживали тесные связи через Атлантику. Они развивали коллективную историческую память, в которой историки диаспоры и летописцы играли центральную роль. ЦРУ наняло на работу интеллектуально развитых националистических эмигрантов, главным образом последователей Украинской Национальной Рады и ОУН (м) на Радио «Свобода» и на присоединенный Мюнхенский институт по изучению СССР [193] Charles T. O’Connell, The Munich Institute for the Study of the USSR: Origin and Social Composition, Carl Beck Papers in Russian and East European Studies 808. (Pittsburgh: University Center for Russian and East European Studies, 1990), 9f, 28–32. The Ukrainian National Rada, led by Andrii Livyts’kyi, at the time consisted primarily of by Petliurites and members of the OUN(m). By cooperating with Russian anticommunists, Bandera believed that the Melnykites had “broken the united front of hostility toward so-called cooperation with. Muscovite imperialists and their protectors.” “Pis’mo Glavaria ZCh OUN Bandera Stepana, adresovannoe ‘Provodu’ OUN na Ukrainskikh zamliakh,‘Provodu’ OUN L’vovskogo kraia, druz’iam Chernomu i Usmikhu,” June 1955, HDA SBU, f. 13, spr. 379, t. 2, ark. 191. . С тех пор, как многие из его работников стали пожилыми и имели лишь ограниченные знания западных языков, Мюнхенский институт никогда не становился серьезным центром Советских изучений и был закрыт в 1970-е годы.

Другие националистические активисты поступили в академию и даже получили пользу от их организаций. Среди этих ученых были ветераны УПА Петр Потишный [194] Arch Puddington, Broadcasting Freedom: The Cold War Triumph of Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty (Lexington: The University Press of Kentucky, 2000), 168. ; ветераны ОУН Евгений Штендера [195] Evhen Shtendera (b. 1924) served as commander of political education in the UPA. Serhiichuk, Stepan Bandera, 3:8–9. See also HDA SBU, f. 5, spr. 445, t. 3, ark. 100–129, published in ibid., 3: 318. After the war he became a librarian at the University of Regina, main editor of the Litopys UPA, and from 1992, an instructor at the L’viv Polytechnic Institute. , Владимир Косык [196] Wolodymyr Kosyk (b. 1924) combined his academic career with clandestine activities in the OUN(b) and its youth section, the Ukrainian Youth Association, (Spilka Ukrains’koi Molodi, SUM). After the war he taught at the Ukrainian Free University in Munich. In 1957 he led an ABN mission in Taipei, in Chiang Kai-shek’s Nationalist China. He published his research both with the Ukrainian Free University in Munich and in the Banderite intellectual jounral Vyzvol’nyi shliakh. Zirka Vitoshyns’ka, “Volodymyr Kosyk: ‘Politychni podii vidbuvaiut’sia ne v zamknenomu koli iakohos’ narodu, a v pevnomu vnutrishn’omu i zovnishn’omu politychnomu kontksti,’” Dzerkalo Tyzhdnia, August 19, 2006: http://www.dt.ua/newspaper/articles/47531 (accessed January 18, 2011); S. Stetzko, “A.B.N. Ideas Assert Themselves,”11. For his research, Kosyk was awarded a gold medal from the Ukrainian Free University in Munich in 2000, and the order For Merit (Za zaslugi) of the third degree from President Yushchenko himself in 2005. He is honorary director of the Center for the Study of the Liberation Movement in L’viv. , Тарас Хунжак [197] Taras Hunczak (b. 1932), with his brother, sister, and father, were members of the OUN. Taras Hunczhak, Moi spohady — stezhky zhyttia (Kyiv: Dnipro, 2005), 16, 22, 30. ; ветераны СС-Галиции Василий Верюха [198] On Veryha (1922–2009) in Waffen-SS, see Vasyl’ Veryha, Pid krylamy vyzvol’nykh dum (Kyiv: Vydavnytstvo imemi Oleny Telihy, 2007). His works have been published by the Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies. See, for instance, Wasyl Veryha, ed., The Correspondence of the Ukrainian Central Committee in Cracow and Lviv with the German authorities, 1939–1944 (Edmonton: Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies Press, University of Alberta, 2000). , Олекса Горбач [199] Oleksa Horbatsch (1915–1997) was assistant professor at the Ukrainian Free University in Munich 1965–1967, full professor 1971–1990, professor emeritus 1991–1997. Mykola Shafoval and Roman Iremko, eds., Universitas Libera Ucrainensis: 1921–2006 (Munich: Ukrainische Freie Universität, 2006), 122. Horbatsch was proud of his service as a soldier in the Waffen-SS and a regular contributor to the veterans’ journal Visti kombatanta. Bohdan Matsiv, ed., Ukrains’ka dyviziia “Halychyna”: Istoryia u svitlynakh vid zasnuvannia u 1943 r. Do zvil’nennia z polonu 1949 r. (Lviv: ZUKTs, 2009), 218–219, 254; Mykola Mushynka, “Ioho biohrafi ia v ioho naukovykh pratsiakh: Do 75-richcha z dnia narodzhennia Prof. Oleksy Horbacha z Nimechchyny,” Druzhno vpered: Shchomisiachnyi kul’turnohromads’kyi iliustrovanyi zhurhnal, vydae Soiuz rusyniv-ukraintsiv Slovachchyny, no. 3 (1993): 13. и Петр Саварин [200] Petro Savaryn (b. 1926) never held an academic position, but was one of the founders of the Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies and chancellor of the University of Alberta 1984–87. He also served as president of the World Congress of Free Ukrainians 1983–1987, and the Alberta Progressive Conservative party. He is also active in the society of the veterans of the Waffen-SS Galizien. Petro Savaryn, Z soboiu vzialy Ukrainu: Vid Tarnopillia do Al’berty (Kyiv: KVITs, 2007), 275. . Некоторые лидеры националистов — Николай Лебедь и Ярослав Стецько, а также Владимир Кубижовик, Роман Ильницкий, Иван Грыньок [201] Ivan Hryn’okh (1909–1994), veteran and chaplain of the Nachtigall and Schutzmannschaft Battalion 201, worked at the Ukrainian Free University in Munich, as assistant professor 1974–1977, full professor 1978–1990, professor emeritus 1991–1994. Shafoval and Iaremko, Universitas Libera Ucrainensis, 122. и Петр Мирчук [202] Petro Mirchuk (1913–1999) was arrested by the Germans in 1941 and spent the war in internment camps, including Auschwitz. Immediately after the war he was responsible for OUN(b) propaganda in occupied Germany. He was one of Stepan Bandera’s close allies and a stern adherent of totalitarianism. Mirchuk’s writings are representative of the sort of pseudo-scholarship the OUN(b) produced after the war. He received a J.D. in 1941 and a Ph.D. in 1969 from the Ukrainian Free University in Munich, and wrote several widely cited chronicles on the history of the OUN. He combined academic activities with high-ranking positions in the OUN(b). Posivnych, Zhyttia i diial’nist’ Stepana Bandery, 140. Mirchuk was also used as an “expert” for the defense during the OSI hearings on deportation. — извлекли личную пользу из своего прошлого. Последние трое были связаны с Украинским свободным университетом в Мюнхене.

Украинская наука была длинной изолированной дисциплиной, полностью ополитизированной и с явным недостатком объективности [203] Markus Huss, “Male Historians in Exile: Constantly Relating to Their Background,” Baltic Worlds 3, no. 1 (2010): 17–18. . Изменение пришло с расширением политики идентичности, мультикультурализма и «этнических» исследований в 1970-х годах. После основания академических учреждений на «этнической» основе, значение националистов начало отождествляться с внедрением в академическое направление.

С 1970-х годов, новое поколение националистических ученых, симпатизирующее наследству ОУН, и осваивающее язык политической корректности, пыталось превзойти область украинских исследований. После распада СССР и примирения ОУН и УПА все более осторожно излагали свой антиколониализм, словно голосом подчиненного, и в Канаде, под эгидой официального мультикультурализма [204] Some of the more prominent examples are found in the writings of Mykola Riabchuk, according to whom “Ukraine is not just a ‘normal’ nation,” but rather, “a postcolonial country shared near equally by the ‘aboriginal’ and ‘settler’ communities.” Riabchuk juxtaposes the “aboriginal” Ukrainains to the Sioux population with (non-Ukrainian) “settlers” and invokes Hollywood images of Dances with Wolves. Under these conditions, Riabchuk argues that a part “of Bandera’s legacy remains relevant — that of patriotism, national solidarity, self-sacrifi ce, idealistic commitment to common goals and values.” Mykola Riabchuk, “Bandera’s Controversy and Ukraine’s Future,” Russkii vopros, no. 1, 2010: http://www.russkiivopros.com/?pag=one&id=315&kat=9&csl=46#_edn13 (accessed April 28, 2010); idem, “Ukraine: Revisiting a ‘Success Story’?” Transitions Online, issue 10/17/2006: 4. On Riabchuk’s use of postcolonial rhetortic in the service of nationalism, see Rudling, “Iushchenkiv fashyst,” in Amar, Balyns’kyi, and Hrytsak, Strasti za Banderoiu, 254, and Roman Dubasevych, “Dity rozpachu,” zakhid. Net, December 20, 2010: http://zaxid.net/article/82258/ (accessed December 20, 2010). . Пронационалистические историки, в общем, провалили продвижение их националистических героев, и использовали их в качестве щита для защиты националистских мифов, в которые они были социализированы [205] Following president Yushchenko’s designation of Stepan Bandera as Hero of Ukraine in January 2010, CIUS director Zenon Kohut defended Bandera and denied the fascist nature of the OUN. Zenon Kohut, “Ukrains’kyi natsionalizm,” 145–146, and Rudling, “Iushchenkiv fashyst.” . До недавнего времени почти не было критических исследований украинских научно-исследовательских институтов [206] Only in the past few years have scholars started to give these institutions serious attention. See, for instance, O’Connor, “The Munich Institute for the Study of the USSR;” Holian, “Anticommunism in the streets”; Julia Delande, “‘Building a Home Abroad’—A Comparative Study of Ukrainain Migration, Immigration Policy and Diaspora Formation in Canada and Germany after the Second World War,” Ph. D. Dissertation, Hamburg University, 2006; Huss, “Male Historians in Exile”; Rossoli#ski-Liebe,“Celebrating Fascism.” .