Фрэнк Мартела - Wonderful Life. Размышления о том, как найти смысл жизни

Институт Гэллапа (англ. American Institute of Public Opinion) – американский институт общественного мнения, а также другие учреждения по изучению общественного мнения, основанные профессором-социологом Джорджем Гэллапом.

E.g., Angus Deaton, “Income, Health and Well-Being Around the World: Evidence from the Gallup World Po Yi,” Journal of Economic Perspectives 22, no. 2 (2008): 53–72.

Shigehiro Oishi & Ed Diener, “Residents of Poor Nations Have a Greater Sense of Meaning in Life Than Residents of Wealthy Nations,” Psychological Science 25, no. 2 (2014): 422–430.

These three dimensions of absurdity were identified by Joe Mintoff. See Joe Mintoff, “Transcending Absurdity,” Ratio 21, no. 1 (2008): 64–84.

Neil deGrasse Tyson, Astrophys ics for People in a Hurry (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2017), 13.

Thomas Nagel, “The Absurd,” The Journal of Philosophy, 68, no. 20 (1971): 716–727, 717.

Пер. А. Богдановского.

Пер. В.И. Коган.

Mintoff, “Transcending Absurdity.”

Leo Tolstoy, Confession, trans. David Patterson (New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1983), 49.

Carlin Flora, “The Pursuit of Happiness,” Psychology Today, January 2009. Available online: https://www.psychologytoday.com/intl/articles/200901/the-pursuit-happiness.

Darrin M. McMahon, “From the Happiness of Virtue to the Virtue of Happiness: 400 b.c.-a.d. 1780,” Daedalus 133, no. 2 (2004): 5–17.

Чосер Джефри – средневековый английский поэт, «отец английской поэзии».

Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales, rendered into Modern English by J.U. Nilson (Mineola, NY: Dover Publications, 2004), 215.

See, e.g., Roy F. Baumeister, “How the Self Became a Problem: A Psychological Review of Historical Research,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 52, no. 1 (1987), 163–176.

For a history of happiness, see especially Darrin M. McMahon, The Pursuit of Happiness: A History from the Greeks to the Present (London: Allen Lane, 2006).

In 1689, John Locke declared that the “pursuit of happiness” moved the human. John Locke, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (London: Penguin Books, 1689/1997), 240. See also McMahon, “From the Happiness of Virtue to the Virtue of Happiness.”

See, e.g., Charles Taylor, The Ethics of Authenticity (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1991).

The exact definition of happiness is a big debate within Western philosophy and psychology, with some associating happiness with life satisfaction, others with the abundance of positive emotions and feelings, and still others building more complex accounts of happiness as an individual responding favorably, in emotional terms, to one’s life. But for our present discussion, we don’t need to settle on an exact definition of happiness, as what I am going to say about it applies to all definitions of happiness that see it as some set of subjective feelings, emotions, or favorable responses to life. For discussion about the definition of happiness, see, e.g., Daniel M. Haybron, The Pursuit of Unhappiness: The Elusive Psychology of Weil-Being (New York: Oxford University Press, 2008).

Luo Lu & Robin Gilmour, “Culture and Conceptions of Happiness: Individual Oriented and Social Oriented SWB,” Journal of Happiness Studies 5, no. 3 (2004): 269–291.

Эрик Вейнер – американский мыслитель и путешественник. Работал корреспондентом Национального общественного радио.

Eric Weiner, The Geography of Bliss (New York: Hachette Book Group, 2008), 316–318.

Weiner, Geography of Bliss, 318.

Iris B. Mauss, Maya Tamir, Craig L. Anderson & Nicole S. Savino, “Can Seeking Happiness Make People Unhappy? Paradoxical Effects of Valuing Happiness,” Emotion 11, no. 4 (2011): 807–815. See also Maya Tamir & Brett Q. Ford, “Should People Pursue Feelings That Feel Good or Feelings That Do Good? Emotional Preferences and Well-Being,” Emotion 12, no. 5 (2012): 1061–1070.

Iris B. Mauss, Nicole S. Savino, Craig L. Anderson, Max Weisbuch, Maya Tamir & Mark L. Laudenslager, “The Pursuit of Happiness Can Be Lonely,” Emotion 12, no. 5 (2012): 908–912.

For people having some degree of depressive symptoms, constant reporting of their happiness levels can be detrimental for their well-being. See Tamlin S. Conner & Katie A. Reid, “Effects of Intensive Mobile Happiness Reporting in Daily Life,” Social Psychological and Personality Science 3, no. 3 (2012): 315–323.

Many philosophers tend to see happiness and meaningfulness as two separate and fundamental values in human life. See Thaddeus Metz, Meaning in Life: An Analytic Study (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013), chapter 4; and Susan Wolf, “Meaningfulness: A Third Dimension of the Good Life,” Foundations of Science 21, no. 2 (2016): 253–269.

In philosopher Robert Nozick’s thought experiment about an experience machine providing all possible pleasures is the classic example of this. People are arguably not too eager to plug into such a machine. See Robert Nozick, Anarchy, State, and Utopia (Padstow: Blackwell, 1974), 42.

Пер. Е. Цветковой.

John F. Helliwell, Richard R. Layard & Jeffrey D. Sachs, eds. World Happiness Report 2019 (New York: Sustainable Development Solutions Network, 2019). See also previous World Happiness Reports.

See Jakub Marian, “Number of Metal Bands per Capita in Europe,” https://jakubmarian.com/number-of-metal-bands-per-capita-in-europe/.

Children of Bodom – финская англоязычная группа из города Эспоо, исполняющая музыку в стиле мелодик-дэт-метал с элементами различных других направлений метала.

John F. Helliwell et al., World Happiness Report 2019.

E.g., Max Haller & Markus Hadler, “How Social Relations and Structures Can Produce Happiness and Unhappiness: An International Comparative Analysis,” Social Indicators Research 75, no. 2 (2006): 169–216; Ronald Inglehart, Robert Foa, Christopher Peterson & Christian Welzel, “Development, Freedom, and Rising Happiness: A Global Perspective (1981–2007),” Perspectives on Psychological Science 3, no. 4 (2008): 264–285.

Jon Clifton, “People Worldwide Are Reporting a Lot of Positive Emotions,” May 21, 2014. http://news.gallup.com/poll/169322/people-worldwide-reporting-lot-positive-emotions.aspx.

World Health Organization, Global Health Estimates 2015: DALYs by Cause, Age, Sex, by Country and by Region, 2000–2015 (Geneva: World Health Organization, 2016).

Compare, for example, these two: Dheeraj Rai, Pedro Zitko, Kelvyn Jones, John Lynch & Richard Araya, “Country and Individual Level Socioeconomic Determinants of Depression: Multilevel Cross-National Comparison,” The British Journal of Psychiatry 202, no. 3 (2013): 195–203; and Alize J. Ferrari, Fiona J. Charlson, Rosana E. Norman, Scott B. Patten, Greg Freedman, Christopher J.L. Murray, et al., “Burden of Depressive Disorders by Country, Sex, Age, and Year: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010,” PLOSMedicine 10, no. 11 (2013): 61001547.

See Brett Q. Ford, Phoebe Lam, Oliver P. John & Iris B. Mauss, “The Psychological Health Benefits of Accepting Negative Emotions and Thoughts: Laboratory, Diary, and Longitudinal Evidence,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 115, no. 6 (2018): 1075–1092.

The relationship is logarithmic rather than linear, but whether there is a satiation point for life satisfaction is still debated among researchers. Positive affect has generally weaker relations with wealth and there the satiation point is more readily observed. See Daniel Kahneman & Angus Deaton, “High Income Improves Evaluation of Life But Not Emotional Well-Being,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107, no. 38 (2010): 16489–16493; Eugenio Proto & Aldo Rustichini, “A Reassessment of the Relationship Between GDP and Life Satisfaction,” FLOS ONE 8, no. 11 (2013): 679358; and Daniel W. Sacks, Betsy Ayer Stevenson & Justin Wolfers, “The New Stylized Facts About Income and Subjective Well Being,” Emotion 12, no. 6 (2012): 1181–1187.

Andrew T. Jebb, Louise Tay, Ed Diener & Shigehiro Oishi, “Happiness, Income Satiation and Turning Points Around the World,” Nature Human Behaviour, no. 1 (2018): 33–38.

Jonathan Haidt, Happiness Hypothesis: Finding Modern Truth in Ancient Wisdom (New York: Basic Books, 2006), 89.

Консьюмеризм – здесь: культ потребления, потребительство.

Chuck Palahniuk, Fight Club (London: Vintage Books, 2010), 149.

Statista, “Media Advertising Spending in the United States from 2015 to 2022 (in billion U.S. dollars),” March 28, 2019, https://www.statista.com/statistics/272314/advertising-spending-in-the-us/.

Секулярный – свободный от церковного влияния; светский.

Здесь: особенность поведения, мысли.

Barry Schwartz, The Paradox of Choice: Why More Is Less (New York: HarperCollins, 2004).

Herbert A. Simon, “Rational Choice and the Structure of the Environment,” Psychological Review 63, no. 2 (1956): 129–138. Simon contrasts the strategies of “satisfice” and “optimize.”

See Nathan N. Cheek & Barry Schwartz, “On the Meaning and Measurement of Maximization,” Judgment and Decision Making 11, no. 2 (2016): 126–146.

Samantha J. Heintzelman & Laura A. King, “Life Is Pretty Meaningful,” American Psychologist 69, no. 6 (2014): 561–574.

The Health and Retirement Study, an ongoing longitudinal study of Americans over age 50 sponsored by the National Institute on Aging at the University of Michigan, http://hrsonline.isr.umich.edu/. These results are reported in Heintzelman & King, “Life Is Pretty Meaningful.”