Фрэнк Мартела - Wonderful Life. Размышления о том, как найти смысл жизни

Rosemarie Kobau, Joseph Sniezek, Matthew M. Zack, Richard E. Lucas & Adam Burns, “Well-Being Assessment: An Evaluation of Well-Being Scales for Public Health and Population Estimates of Well-Being Among US Adults,” Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being 2 (2010): 272–297.

Oishi & Diener, “Residents of Poor Nations.”

Fei-Hsiu Hsiao, Guey-Mei Jow, Wen-Hung Kuo, King-Jen Chang, Yu-Fen Liu, Rainbow T. Ho, et al., “The Effects of Psychotherapy on Psychological Well-Being and Diurnal Cortisol Patterns in Breast Cancer Survivors,” Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 81 (2012): 173–182.

Heintzelman & King, “Life Is Pretty Meaningful,” 567.

Sometimes people might be disillusioned and unreliable reporters of their own emotional states so we should take their reports with a grain of salt. But there is no evidence of bias so systematic that it would render subjective reports totally worthless, most of the time they probably are relatively accurate. See, e.g., OECD, OECD Guidelines on Measuring Subjective Well-Being (Paris: OECD Publishing, 2013). Be that as it may, I side with the psychologists in focusing on the experienced meaning of people rather than believing there to be some outside standard that can be used to judge the meaningfulness of people’s existence no matter their own experience.

Пер. Е. Цветковой.

Jon H. Kaas, “The Evolution of Brains from Early Mammals to Humans,” Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science 4, no. 1 (2013): 33–45. Also see Joseph R. Burger, Menshian A. George, Claire Leadbetter & Farhin Shaikh, “The Allometry of Brain Size in Mammals,” Journal of Mammalogy 100, no. 2 (2019): 276–283.

Юваль Ной Харари – израильский военный историк-медиевист, профессор исторического факультета Еврейского университета в Иерусалиме, автор международного бестселлера «Sapiens: Краткая история человечества».

Yuval Harari, Sapiens. A Brief History of Humankind (New York: Harper, 2015).

See William A. Roberts, “Are Animals Stuck in Time?” Psychological Bulletin 128, no. 3 (2002): 473–489. Although see also William A. Roberts, “Mental Time Travel: Animals Anticipate the Future,” Current Biology 17, no. 11 (2007): R418–R420, where evidence is reviewed for the capability of some animals to anticipate the future and have episodic-like memories. As with most things separating humans from animals, instead of a clear dichotomy, humans just have much more of what some animals have little of.

Antti Kauppinen, “Meaningfulness and Time,” Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 84, no. 2 (2012): 345–377, 368.

Нейровизуализация – общее название нескольких методов, позволяющих визуализировать структуру, функции и биохимические характеристики мозга. Включает компьютерную томографию, магниторезонансную томографию и т. п.

Adam Waytz, Hal E. Hershfield & Diana I. Tamir, “Mental Simulation and Meaning in Life,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 108, no. 2 (2015): 336–355, study 1.

Human sociality and living in large tribes most probably had much to do with why we developed the unique capacity for reflection as, e.g., Dunbar has argued. Also the need for justification most probably had much to do with the need to justify our actions to others as, e.g., Haidt has argued. See Robin I. M. Dunbar, “The Social Brain Hypothesis,” Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews 6, no. 5 (1998): 178–190. And Jonathan Haidt, “The Emotional Dog and Its Rational Tail: A Social Intuitionist Approach to Moral Judgment,” Psychological Review 108 (2001): 814–834.

See Frank Martela & Michael F. Steger, “The Meaning of Meaning in Life: Coherence, Purpose, and Significance as the Three Facets of Meaning,” Journal of Positive Psychology, 11, no. 5 (2016): 531–545.

Erich Fromm, Escape from Freedom (New York: Avon Books, 1965), p. viii. The first edition of the book was published in 1941.

Fromm, Escape from Freedom, xii.

Пер. А.В. Александрова.

Michael F. Steger, Yoshito Kawabata, Satoshi Shimai & Keiko Otake, “The Meaningful Life in Japan and the United States: Levels and Correlates of Meaning in Life,” Journal of Research in Personality 42, no. 3 (2008), 660–678.

Charles Taylor, A Secular Age (Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2007). The description of the worldview of people living in the 1500s is mainly based on chapter 1 of Taylor’s book.

Taylor, A Secular Age, 42, based on Stephen Wilson, The Magical Universe (London: Hambledon & London, 2004).

Max Weber, The Sociology of Religion (Boston: Beacon Press, 1971).

There is, of course, a big leap in worldviews between belief in local spirits and one omnipotent creator God, but we have no space to go through the so-called axial revolution and how that transformed our worldviews.

Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics, trans. Robert C. Bartlett & Susan D. Collins (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 2012).

Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics, no6a:i7–24.

Telos ( греч . конец, цель) – в древнегреческой философии конечная цель чего-либо; один из четырех основных принципов бытия в философии Аристотеля.

Summum bonum ( лат . высшее благо) – Цицерон в своей работе «О высшем благе и высшем зле» писал: «Мы ищем, что является предельным и последним из благ. По мнению всех философов, оно должно быть таким, чтобы все измерялось им, а само оно – ничем вне его».

Note that Hochschild argues that this question was asked up to the twentieth century, while here I am arguing that meaning of life started to replace it in the nineteenth century. Joshua P. Hochschild, “What ‘the Meaning of Life’ Replaced,” https://thevirtuebl0g.c0m/2017/12/18/what-the-meaning-of-life-replaced/.