Кристиана Фигерес - Какое будущее мы выбираем. Климатический кризис: промедление недопустимо

Valerie Volcovici, “Americans Demand Climate Action (As Long As It Doesn’t Cost Much): Reuters Poll”, Reuters, June 26, 2019, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-election-climatechange/americans-demand-climate-action-reuters-poll-idUSKCN1TR15W

Elizabeth Howell, “How Long Have Humans Been on Earth?” Universe Today, January 19, 2015, https://www.universetoday.com/38125/how-long-have-humans-been-on-earth/

Chelsea Harvey, “Scientists Say That 6,000 Years Ago, Humans Dramatically Changed How Nature Works”, Washington Post, December 16, 2015, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2015/12/16/humans-dramatically-changed-how-nature-works-6000-years-ago/

Margherita Giuzio, Dejan Krusec, Anouk Levels, Ana Sofia Melo,et al., “Climate Change and Financial Stability”, Financial Stability Review, May 2019, https://www.ecb.europa.eu/pub/financial-stability/fsr/special/html/ecb.fsrart201905_1~47cf778cc1.en.html

Megan Mahajan, “Plunging Prices Mean Building New Renewable Energy Is Cheaper Than Running Existing Coal”, Forbes, December 3, 2018 (updated May 6, 2019), https://www.forbes.com/sites/energyinnovation/2018/12/03/plunging-prices-mean-building-new-renewable-energy-is-cheaper-than-running-existing-coal/#61a0db2631f3

Fossil Free, “What Is Fossil Fuel Divestment?” https://gofossilfree.org/divestment/what-is-fossil-fuel-divestment/

Chris Flood, “Climate Change Poses Challenge to Long-Term Investors”, Financial Times, April 22, 2019, https://www.ft.com/content/992ba12a-c02a-3bca-b947-0e2fbc5e91b7.181

Больше о ледниковых периодах, например, здесь: Michael Marshall, “The History of Ice on Earth”, New Scientist, May 24, 2010, https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn18949-the-history-of-ice-on-earth/

Население Земли достигнет 9,7 миллиарда предположительно к 2050 году. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, “Growing at a Slower Pace, World Population Is Expected to Reach 9.7 Billion in 2050 and Could Peak at Nearly 11 Billion around 2100”, June 17, 2019, https://www.un.org/development/desa/en/news/population/world-population-prospects-2019.html

Daniel Christian Wahl, “Learning from Nature and Designing as Nature: Regenerative Cultures Create Conditions Conducive to Life”, Biomimicry Institute, September 6, 2016, https://biomimicry.org/learning-nature-designing-nature-regenerative-cultures-create-conditions-conducive-life/

Промышленная революция и взрывной рост потребления ископаемого топлива изменили общее направление нашей истории. Подробнее об этом см. History.com, “Industrial Revolution”, July 1, 2019 (updated September 9, 2019), https://www.history.com/topics/industrial-revolution/, а также Hannah Ritchie and Max Roser, “Fossil Fuels”, Our World in Data, https://ourworldindata.org/fossil-fuels, – об истории использования ископаемого топлива.

National Aeronautics and Space Administration, “Changes in the Carbon Cycle”, NASA Earth Observatory, June 16, 2011, https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/CarbonCycle/page4.php

Rémi d’Annunzio, Marieke Sandker, Yelena Finegold, and Zhang Min, “Projecting Global Forest Area Towards 2030”, Forest Ecology and Management 352 (2015): 124–133, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378112715001346

John Vidal, “We Are Destroying Rainforests So Quickly They May Be Gone in 100 Years”, Guardian (U.S. edition), January 23, 2017, https://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/2017/jan/23/destroying-rainforests-quickly-gone-100-years-deforestation

Josh Gabbatiss, “Earth Will Take Millions of Years to Recover from Climate Change Mass Extinction, Study Suggests”, Independent, April 8, 2019, https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/mass-extinction-recovery-earth-climate-change-biodiversity-loss-evolution-a8860326.html

Richard Gray, “Sixth Mass Extinction Could Destroy Life as We Know It – Biodiversity Expert”, Horizon, March 4, 2019, https://horizon-magazine.eu/article/sixth-mass-extinction-could-destroy-life-we-know-it-biodiversity-expert.html

Gabbatiss, “Earth Will Take Millions of Years”.

LuAnn Dahlman and Rebecca Lindsey, “Climate Change: Ocean Heat Content”, Climate.gov, August 1, 2018, https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-ocean-heat-content

Lauren E. James, “Half of the Great Barrier Reef Is Dead”, National Geographic, August 2018, https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2018/08/explore-atlas-great-barrier-reef-coral-bleaching-map-climate-change/

T. Schoolmeester, H. L. Gjerdi, J. Crump, et al., Global Linkages: A Graphic Look at the Changing Arctic, Rev. 1 (Nairobi and Arendal: UN Environment and GRID-Arendal, 2019), http://www.grida.no/publications/431

National Aeronautics and Space Administration, “As Seas Rise, NASA Zeros In: How Much? How Fast?” August 3, 2017, https://www.nasa.gov/goddard/risingseas

Joseph Stromberg, “What Is the Anthropocene and Are We in It?” Smithsonian, January 2013, https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/what-is-the-anthropocene-and-are-we-in-it-164801414/

Подробное исследование приводится в Darrell Moellendorf, “Progress, Destruction, and the Anthropocene”, Social Philosophy and Policy 34, no. 2 (2017): 66–88. См. также документальный фильм Anthropocene: The Human Epoch, 2018, https://theanthropocene.org/film/

По сравнению со среднемировой температурой доиндустриальной эпохи.

То есть на 1,5 градуса по сравнению со среднемировой температурой доиндустриальной эпохи.

Полное изложение см. Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change, “Special Report: Global Warming of 1.5 °C”, 2018, https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/

Nebojsa Nakicenovic and Rob Swart, eds., Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2000), https://www.ipcc.ch/report/emissions-scenarios/

Department of Public Health, Environmental and Social Determinants of Health, World Health Organization, “Ambient Air Pollution: Health Impacts”, https://www.who.int/airpollution/ambient/health-impacts/en/

Greenpeace Southeast Asia, “Latest Air Pollution Data Ranks World’s Cities Worst to Best”, March 5, 2019, https://www.greenpeace.org/southeastasia/press/679/latest-air-pollution-data-ranks-worlds-cities-worst-to-best/

“Cloud Seeding”, ScienceDirect, https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/cloud-seeding

Кислотный дождь – так называют любую форму атмосферных осадков, содержащих высокий уровень кислотных оксидов, обычно серы и азота. Могут выпадать также в виде тумана или снега. В отличие от «нормального» дождя, имеющего водородный показатель (pH) около 5,6, у кислотного он составляет от 4,2 до 4,4. В большинстве своем кислотные дожди происходят в результате деятельности человека. Главной их причиной являются сжигающие уголь заводы и фабрики, а также автомобили. См. Christina Nunez, “Acid Rain Explained”, National Geographic, February 28, 2019, https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/global-warming/acid-rain/

Heather Smith, “Will Climate Change Move Agriculture Indoors? And Will That Be a Good Thing?” Grist, February 3, 2016, https://grist.org/food/will-climate-change-move-agriculture-indoors-and-will-that-be-a-good-thing/

Johan Rockström, “Climate Tipping Points”, Global Challenges Foundation, https://www.globalchallenges.org/en/our-work/annua-report/climate-tipping-points

См. David Wallace-Wells, The Uninhabitable Earth: Life After Warming (New York: Tim Duggen Books, 2019).

Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, “Climate Change”, 2018, http://www.gbrmpa.gov.au/our-work/threats-to-the-reef/climate-change

Aylin Woodward, “One of Antarctica’s Biggest Glaciers Will Soon Reach a Point of Irreversible Melting”, Business Insider France, July 9, 2019, http://www.businessinsider.fr/us/antarctic-glacier-on-way-to-irreversible-melt-2019-7

Roz Pidcock, “Interactive: What Will 2C and 4C of Warming Mean for Sea Level Rise?” Carbon Brief, September 11, 2015, https://www.carbonbrief.org/interactive-what-will-2c-and-4c-of-warming-mean-for-global-sea-level-rise

Josh Holder, Niko Kommenda, and Jonathan Watts, “The Three-Degree World: The Cities That Will Be Drowned by Global Warming”, Guardian (U.S. edition), November 3, 2017, https://www.theguardian.com/cities/ng-interactive/2017/nov/03/three-degree-world-cities-drowned-global-warming

United Nations Climate Change News, “Climate Change Threatens National Security, Says Pentagon”, October 14, 2014, https://unfccc.int/news/climate-chang-threatens-national-security-says-pentagon

Еще более полезный ресурс – American Security Project, “Climate Security Is National Security”, https://www.americansecurityproject.org/climate-security/

Polar Science Center, “Antarctic Melting Irreversible in 60 Years”, http://psc.apl.uw.edu/antarctic-melting-irreversible-in-60-years/

Ocean Portal Team, “Ocean Acidification”, Smithsonian Institute, April 2018, https://ocean.si.edu/ocean-life/invertebrates/ocean-acidification

Chang-Eui Park, Su-Jong Jeong, Manoj Joshi, et al., “Keeping Global Warming Within 1.5 °C Constrains Emergence of Aridification”, Nature Climate Change 8, no. 1 (January 2018): 7–74.185

Regan Early, “Which Species Will Survive Climate Change?” Scientific American, February 17, 2016, https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/which-species-will-survive-climate-change/

Scientific Expert Group on Climate Change and Sustainable Development, “Confronting Climate Change: Avoiding the Unmanageable and Managing the Unavoidable”, Sigma Xi, February 2007, https://www.sigmaxi.org/docs/default-source/Programs-Documents/Critical-Issues-in-Science/executive-summary-of-confronting-climate-change.pdf