Елена Рождественская - Феномен тахарруш как коллективное сексуальное насилие [научная статья]
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- Название:Феномен тахарруш как коллективное сексуальное насилие [научная статья]
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Елена Рождественская - Феномен тахарруш как коллективное сексуальное насилие [научная статья] краткое содержание
За десятилетие практика тахарруш прямо и косвенно (через дискурсивные легитимации) способствовала маскулинной социализации молодых поколений арабских мужчин. Этот тип маскулинной социализации выстроен на определенных социальных нормах, оправдывающих применение насилия в отношении «преступивших» моральные и религиозные границы женщин, а также сопряжен с перформативностью насильственного потенциала в публичном пространстве. Опыт участия на Тахрире как символическое достижение гегемонной мужественности позволил компенсировать лакуны мужественности тем, кто испытывал экономическую депривацию вследствие безработицы, и тем самым восстанавливал мужские иерархии. Пересборка феномена тахарруш в ином, уже западном контексте эмиграции может объясняться не только длящейся экономической, социальной, психологической и сексуальной депривацией беженцев из арабского мира, но также социализацией через соответствующие прямые и косвенные практики.
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Hollmeyer-Taylor S., Tan A., Sloane P., Tiernan V., Mahmood F. “When She Stands Among Men”: Sexual Harassment of Women at Political Protests in Cairo, January 2011 — August 2013 // Al Nakhlah. Online Journal on Southwest Asia and Islamic Civilisation. 10.06.2014. URL: http://alnakhlah.org/2014/06/10/when-she-stands-among-men-sexual-harassment-of-women-at-political-protests-in-cairo-january-2011-august-2013/.
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Примечания
1
Jäger wirft Kölner Polizei gravierende Fehler vor // Zeit Online. 11.01.2016. URL: http://www.zeit.de/politik/deutschland/2016-01/uebergriffe-koeln-silvesternacht-ralf-jaeger-nrw-innenminister.
2
Tomlinson S. German prosecutors dismiss reports that only three of the 73 Cologne New Year sex attack suspects are “refugees” as “total nonsense” — saying most WERE migrants // Daily Mail. 15.02.2016. URL: http://dailym.ai/1Xt6xjf.
3
Abdelmonem A. et al. The “Taharrush” Connection: Xenophobia, Islamophobia and Sexual Violence in Germany and Beyond // Closer. An Anthropology of Muslims in Europe. 12.03.2016. URL: https://religionresearch.org/closer/2016/03/12/the-taharrush-connection-xenophobia-islamophobia-and-sexual-violence-in-germany-and-beyond.
4
Abdelmonem A. Reconceptualizing Sexual Harassment in Egypt: A Longitudinal Assessment of el-Taharrush el-Ginsy in Arabic Online Forums and Anti-Sexual Harassment Activism // Kohl: A Journal for Body and Gender Research. 2015. Vol. 1. № 1. P. 23-41.
5
Peoples F.M. Street Harassment in Cairo: A Symptom of Disintegrating Social Structures // The African Anthropologist. 2008. Vol. 15. № 1-2. P. 4.
6
Hassan R.M. et al. “Clouds in Egypt's Sky”: Sexual Harassment: From Verbal Harassment to Rape: A Sociological Study. Cairo: The Egyptian Center for Women's Rights, 2008.
7
См. URL: http://harassmap.org/en.
8
Anderson K.E. Sexual Harassment Discourse in Egypt: A Sociolinguistic Analysis. MA thesis. The University of Texas at Austin, 2012. P. 8.
9
What is Sexual Harassment // Harassmap. URL: https://harassmap.org/what-sexual-harassment.
10
Abdelmonem A. Op. cit. P. 24.
11
Tadros M. Politically Motivated Sexual Assault and the Law in Violent Transitions: A Case Study from Egypt // IDS Evidence Report. 2013. № 8. P. 7. URL: http://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/bitstream/handle/123456789/2950/ER8%20final%20online.pdf.
12
Hollmeyer-Taylor S. et al. “When She Stands Among Men”: Sexual Harassment of Women at Political Protests in Cairo, January 2011 — August 2013 // Al Nakhlah. Online Journal on Southwest Asia and Islamic Civilisation. 10.06.2014. URL: https://alnakhlah.org/2014/06/10/when-she-stands-among-men-sexual-harassment-of-women-at-political-protests-in-cairo-january-2011-august-2013/.
13
Tadros M. Op. cit.
14
Ibidem.
15
Ibidem.
16
Moser C. The Gendered Continuum of Violence and Conflict: An Operational Framework // Victims, Perpetrators Or Actors? Gender, Armed Conflict and Political Violence / C. Moser, F. Clark (eds). N.Y.: Zed Books, 2001. P. 7.
17
Ibidem.
18
Tadros M. Op. cit.
19
Hollmeyer-Taylor S. et al. Op. cit.
20
Gender, War, and Militarism: Feminist Perspectives / L. Sjoberg, S. Via (eds). Santa Barbara: Praeger, 2010; Butler C. et al. Security Forces and Sexual Violence: A Cross-National Analysis of a Principal-Agent Argument // Journal of Peace Research. 2007. Vol. 44. P. 669-687; Wood E. Order, Conflict and Violence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008; Solangon S., Patel P. Sexual Violence Against Men in Countries Affected by Armed Conflict // Conflict, Security and Development. 2012. Vol. 12. № 4. P. 417-442; Zinsstag E. Sexual Violence against Women in Armed Conflicts: Standard Responses and New Ideas // Social Policy and Society. 2006. Vol. 5. № 1. P. 137-148; Victims, Perpetrators Or Actors? Gender, Armed Conflict and Political Violence; Jacobs S. et al. States of Conflict: Gender, Violence and Resistance. N.Y.: Zed Books, 2000.
21
Walker M. Gender and Violence in Focus: A Background for Gender Justice in Reparations // Gender of Reparations: Unsettling Sexual Hierarchies while Redressing Human Rights Violations / R. Rubio-Marín (ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009. P. 18-62.
22
Crenshaw K. Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics // The University of Chicago Legal Forum. 1989. Vol. 140. P. 139-167.
23
Wood E.J. Variation in Sexual Violence during War // Politics & Society. 2006. Vol. 34. № 3. P. 307-342.
24
Slim H. Doing the Killing // Idem. Killing Civilians: Method, Madness and Morality in War. L.: Hurst, 2007.
25
Amar P. The Revolution Continues // International Feminist Journal of Politics. 2013. Vol. 15. № 1. P. 94-99.
26
Dupuy T. The Occupy Movement's Woman Problem // The Atlantic. 21.11.2011. URL: http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2011/11/the-occupy-movements-woman-problem/248831/.
27
Tadros M. Whose Shame Is It? The Politics of Sexual Assault in Morsi's Egypt // Heinrich Boll Stiftung: The Green Political Foundation. 27.05.2014. URL: http://www.tn.boell.org/web/122-338.html.
28
Zarkov D. The Body of the Other Man: The Construction of Masculinity, Sexuality, and Ethnicity in the Croatian Media // Victims, Perpetrators or Actors? Gender, Armed Conflict and Political Violence. P. 73; Zinsstag E. Op. cit. P. 135.
29
Tadros M. Politically Motivated Sexual Assault and the Law in Violent Transitions.
30
Turner V.W. Dramas, Fields and Metaphors: Symbolic Action in Human Society. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1975.
31
Sholkamy H. Women Are Also Part of This Revolution // Arab Spring in Egypt / B. Korany, R. El-Mahdi (eds). Cairo: American University in Cairo Press, 2012. P. 154.
32
Khadiga O. I was Born again on #Jan25. So was Egypt // Christian Science Monitor. 16.02.2011. URL: https://www.csmonitor.com/Commentary/Opinion/2011/0216/I-was-born-again-on-Jan25.-So-was-Egypt.
33
Slim H. Op. cit. P. 214.
34
Enloe C. Masculinities, Policing, Women and International Politics of Sexual Harassment // International Feminist Journal of Politics. 2013. Vol. 15. № 1. P. 78.
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