Маркус Редикер - Корабль рабов

116. Owen N. Journal of a Slave-Dealer: A View of Some Remarkable Axedents in the Life of Nics. Owen on the Coast of Africa and America from the Year 1746 to the Year 1757 / ed. Eveline Martin. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1930. P. 76; Newton J. Journal of a Slave Trader, 1750-1754/ ed. Bernard Martin and Mark Spurrell. London: Epworth Press, 1962. P. 43.

117. Hawthorne W. Planting Rice and Harvesting Slaves: Transformations Along the Guinea-Bissau Coast, 1400-1900. Portsmouth, N.H.: Heinemann, 2003. Ch. 3; Brooks G. E. Eurafricans in Western Africa: Commerce, Social Status, Gender, and Religious Observance from t he Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century. Ath Press, 2003. P. 178, 246-247; Shaw R. Memories of the Slave Traded, University Historical Imagination in Sierra Leone. Chicago: University of Chicago; Afro-British Integration on the Sherbro Coast // African Bulletin. 1983. No 12. P. 82-107; Rodney W. The Rise of the Mulatto Traders // History of Upper Guinea Coast.

118. Diary and Accounts Commenda Fort, In Charge of William Brainie, 1714-1718 // Donnan II. P. 186; Henige D. John Kabes of Kommenda: An Early African Entrepreneur and State Builder // Journal of African History. 1977. No 13. P. 1-19.

Хениге пишет: «Кейбс был на службе Королевской африканской компании в том смысле, что он получал там зарплату и, несомненно, выполнял работу от ее имени. Но он не был — и не считал себя — ее “слугой”».

119. Boateng Y. М. The Return: A Novel of the Slave Trade in Africa. New York: Pantheon Books, 1977. P. vii.

120. Kea R. A. Settlements, Trade, and Polities in the Seventeenth-Century Gold Coast. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1982; Kwame Yeboa Daaku. Trade and Politics on the Gold Coast: 1600-1720: A Study of the African Reaction to European Trade. New York: Oxford University Press, 1970; Shumway R. Between the Castle and the Golden Stool: Transformations in Fante Society, 1700-1807 // Ph.D. dissertation, Emory University, 2004; St. Clair W. The Grand Slave Emporium: Cape Coast Castle and the British Slave Trade. London: Profile Books, 2006.

См. также статьи: Gutkind P. C. W. Trade and Labor in Early Precolonial African History: The Canoemen of Southern Ghana // C. Coquery-Vidrovitch, P. E. Lovejoy, eds. The Workers of the African Trade. Beverly Hills: Sage, 1985. P. 25-50; The Boatmen of Ghana: The Possibilities of a Pre-Colonial African Labor History // M. Hanagan, Ch. Stephenson, eds. Confrontation, Class Consciousness and the Labor Process. New York: Greenwood Press, 1986. P. 123-166.

121. Stanfield J. F. Observations on a Guinea Voyage, in a Series of Letters Addressed to the Rev. Thomas Clarkson. London: James Phillips, 1788. P. 20; Interview of Henry Ellison // Substance. P. 218-219; Testimony of Henry Ellison, 1790 // HCSP, 368-369, 383.

122. Newbury C. W. The Western Slave Coast and Its Rulers. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1961; Manning P. Slavery, Colonialism and Economic Growth in Dahomey, 1640-1660. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982; Law R. The Slave Coast of West Africa 1550-1580: The Impact of the Atlantic Slave Trade on an African Society. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991; Law R. The Oyo Empire, c. 1600 c. 1836: A West African Imperialism in the Era of the Atlantic Slave Trade. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1977; Law R., Mann K. West Africa in the Atlantic Community: The Case of the Slave Coast // William and Mary Quarterly. 1999. No 54. 3rd ser. P. 307-334.

123. Дневник Антера Дюка существует в двух формах: оригинальный текст на пиджин-английском языке и «современная английская версия». См.: Forde С. D., ed. Efik Traders of Old Calabar...; The Diary of Antera Duke, an Efik, Slave-Trading Chief of the Eighteenth Century. London, 1956. P. 27-115. См. записи о следующих днях: June 5, 1787; August 29,1785; January 27, 1788; April 8,1785; September 26, 1785; December 25,1787 (a Christmas Day party); October 9, 1786; October 5,1786; May 26,1785; October 23,1785; March 21,1785; January 30,1785; August 9,1786 June 27,1785.

В начале своей карьеры в 1769-1770 гг. Дюк был одним из тридцати торговцев Старого Калабара, которые продавали рабов на корабль «Добсон» капитану Джону Поттеру. Сам Дюк продал 37 человек вместе с тысячью плодов батата, за которые заработал 4400 медных денег, что эквивалентно 1100 железным слиткам или 550 бочонкам пороха. См.: Hair Р. Е. Н. Antera Duke of Old Calabar-A Little More About an African Entrepreneur // History in Africa. 1990. No 17. P. 359-365.

124. Двадцать судов (которые совершили двадцать пять рейсов), упомянутых Дюком, можно найти в базе данных работорговли. Фактическое и (в восьми случаях) условное число рабов, отправленных в эти путешествия, составляло 10 285 человек (хотя и не все из Старого Калабара), в среднем 411 человек на корабль.

См.: TSTD, #81258, #82312, #81407, #81841, #82233, #82326, #83268, #83708, #81353, #81559, #81560, #81583, #82362, #82543, #83063, #81913, #82327, #83168, #83169, #83178, #84050, #83365, #83709, #84018, #84019.

125. Блестящее исследование этого региона см. Sparks R.J. The Two Princes of Calabar: An Eighteenth-Century Atlantic Odyssey. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2004.

126. Horton R. From Fishing Village to City-State: A Social History of New Calabar // M. Douglas, Ph. M. Kaberry, eds. Man in Africa. London, 1969. P. 37-61; Latham A. J. H. Old Calabar, 1600-1891: The Impact of the International Economy upon a Traditional Society. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1973; Northrup D. Trade Without Rulers: Pre-Colonial Economic Development in South-Eastern Nigeria. Oxford: Clarendon, 1978; Isichei E. A. A History of the Igbo People. New York: St. Martins Press, 1976; Chambers D. B. ‘My own nation’: Igbo Exiles in the Diaspora // Slavery and Abolition. 1997. No 18. P. 72-97; Northrup D. Igbo: Culture and Ethnicity in the Atlantic World // Slavery and Abolition. 2000. No 71; Chambers D. B. Ethnicity in the Diaspora: The Slave Trade and the Creation of African ‘Nations’ in the Americas // Slavery and Abolition. 2001. No 22. P. 25-39; Idem. The Significance of Igbo in the Night of Biafra Slave-Trade: A Rejoinder to Northrup’s ‘Myth Igbo’ // Slavery and Abolition. 2002. No 23. P. 101-120; Idem. Murder at Montpelier: Igbo African in Virginia. Jackson: University of Mississippi Press, 2005.

127. Harms R. River of Wealth, River of Sorrow: The Central Zaire Basin in the Era of the Slave and Ivory Trade, 1500-1891. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1981. P. 7,8,27,33, 35,92.

128. Birmingham D. Trade and Conflict in Angola: The Mbundu and Their Neighbors Under the Influence of the Portuguese, 1483-1790. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1966; Thornton J. K. The Kingdom of Kongo: Civil War and Transition, 1641— 1718. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983; Harms R. River of Wealth, River of Sorrow; Miller J. Way of Death: Merchant Capitalism and the Angolan Slave Trade, 1730-1830 (1988); Klein H. S. The Portuguese Slave Trade from Angola in the Eighteenth Century // Journal of Economic History. 1972. No 32. P. 894-918.

129. Testimony of Robert Norris, 1789 // HCSP 69:38-39. Cm. также: Thornton J. Africa and Africans. P. 99-105.

130. Anonymous Account of the Society and Trade of the Canary Islands and West Africa, with Observations on the Slave Trade (n.d., but c. 1784), Add. Ms. 59777B, f. 42V, BL; Matthews J. A Voyage to the River Sierra Leone, on the Coast of Africa, containing an Account of the Trade and Productions of the Country, and of the Civil and Religious Customs and Manners of the People; in a Series of Letters to a Friend in England. London: B. White and Son, 1788. P. 85-86; Atkins J. A Voyage to Guinea, Brasil, and the West Indies; In His Majesty’s Ships, the Swallow and Weymouth. London, 1735; rpt. London: Frank Cass, 1970. P. 176; Testimony of Thomas Trotter, 1790 // HCSP, 73:83-84; Clarkson T. An Essay on the Slavery and Commerce of the Human Species, particularly the African, translated from a Latin Dissertation, which was honoured with the First Prize in the University of Cambridge for the Year 1781, with Additions. London, 1786; rpt. Miami, Fla.: Mnemosyne Publishing Co., 1969. P. 45; Testimony of Henry Ellison, 1790 // HCSP, 73:381. См. также: Thornton J. Warfare in Atlantic Africa: 1500-1800. London: Routledge, 1999. P. 128. О ввозе оружия в Западную Африку, особенно за период 1750-1807 гг ., см.: Inikori J. Е. The Import of Firearms into West Africa 1750-1807: A Quantitative Analysis // Journal of African History. 1977. No 18. P. 339-368; Richards W. A. The Import of Firearms into West Africa in the Eighteenth Century // Journal of African History. 1980. No 21. P. 43-59.

131. Moore F. Travels into the Inland Parts of Africa. P. 30; Rodney W. History of the Upper Guinea Coast. P. 114.

132. Barry B. Senegambia and the Atlantic Slave Trade. P. 6-7.

133. Atkins J. A Voyage to Guinea. P. 180; Mouser B., ed. Slaving Voyage to Africa and Jamaica: The Log of the Sandown, 1793— 1794. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2002. P. 81-82; Clarkson T. Letters on the Slave-Trade and the State of the Natives in those Parts of Africa which are Contiguous to Fort St. Louis and Goree. London, 1791.

134. Роберт Норрис писал, что «махеи» сопротивлялись порабощению королем Дагомеи в 1750-х и 1760-х гг., спасаясь бегством в труднодоступную горную местность, где они защищали себя. См.: Norris R. Memoirs of the Reign of Bossa Ahddee, King of Dahomy, an Inland Country of Guiney, to which are added the Author’s Journey to Abomey, the Capital, and a Sort Account of the African Slave Trade. Orig. publ. London, 1789; rpt. London: Frank Cass and Company Limited, 1968. P. 21-22.

См. также: Rashid J. A Devotion to the Idea of Liberty at Any Price’: Rebellion and Antislavery in the Upper Guinea Coast in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries // S. A. Diouf, ed. Fighting the Slave Trade: West African Strategies. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2003. P. 137,142.

135. Falconbridge A. An Account of the Slave Trade on the Coast of Africa. London, 1788. P. 20.

О детях см.: DipteeA. A. African Children in the British Slave Trade During the Late Eighteenth Century // Slavery and Abolition. 2006. No 27. P. 183-196; Lovejoy P. E. The Children of Slavery-the Transatlantic Phase // Ibid. P. 197-217.

136. Captain William Snelgrave. New Account of Some Parts of Guinea and the Slave Trade. London, 1734; rpt. London: Frank Cass & Со., 1971. P. 49; Memoirs of Crow. P. 199-200; Manning P. Primitive Art and Modem Times // Radical History Review. 1985. No 33. P. 165-181.

137. Большой грабеж описан Кларксоном. См.: Clarkson Т. Letters on the Slave-Trade; основано на его беседах с Жоффруа де Вилленкувом, адъютантом французского губернатора работоргового порта Гори в Сенегамбии. См. Letter II.