Мария Аполлова - Specific English. Грамматические трудности перевода

VII. Преобразуйте следующие предложения в соответствии с моделью.

Не doesn’t read much. Не is not a great reader.

1. He eats well and sleeps well…2. He swam better than anyone else. 3. How well you dance! 4. He talked well, harshly, cynically, it was exhilarating to listen to him. I walk pretty well, but he could outwalk me any day. I hate letter writing. 7. He drove fast and the speed at which he went exhilarated them both. 8. The family used «to get up early. 9. I subscribe to the «Morning Star.» 10. He talked brilliantly. 11. The professor believed strongly in the Stanislavsky method of drama. 12. He was a brute of a young man, he drank and ran after women, he was violent to his wife and other things more. 13. He’s clever and works well. 14. We hardly ever see you here. 15. He made friends easily.

VIII. Переведите следующие предложения. Придумайте предложения с выделенными словосочетаниями.

1. Не had a notion that often his presence was unwelcome to them and that they were more at their ease when he was not there. 2. He bragged what a great hand he was at frying a catfish. 3. Their principal duty is to settle routine cases where no constitutional question is at stake. 4. He is quite at home in this field. 5. The family were quite welt off. 6. «Well, I must be on my way» he said. 7. You’re never at a loss for something to say. 8. At supper that evening Miss Reid was at her best. 9. He was damned good at games and all that sort of things. 10. I had been at work on a big sketch, and I was wondering what people would think of it. 11. «You’re making fun of me!» «I never was more in earnest in my life.’

IX. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на значение глагола to be с различными постпозитивами.

1. «Is Alec around?» I asked. 2. I’ll be back in a couple of hours. 3. His mother was still up of course, waiting for him. 4. It is up to the President to undo the 14 years of a disastrous policy. 5. I’ve only been out two days. 6. She found that someone was up before her. 7. «Where’s Mrs Linsell?» asked Mrs Hamlyn. «Oh, I don’t know. She’s about somewhere.» 8. His bag would be pretty heavy sometimes by the time he was through. 9. You’re up early too. 10. I’ll go and see if she’s in. 11. There were people who cared for him and people who didn’t, and those who didn’t hated him and were out to get him. 12. «The same person,«General Peckem replied with a definite trace of alarm. «Now he’s after me.» 13. Chief White Halfoot was out to revenge himself upon the white man. 14. What are you up to, Collin? 15. The remedy you suggest is evidently worth trying, and it is up to you to apply it. 16. No one seemed to have heard the sound of the shot. The neighbours must be out. 17. Judge: «Have you ever been up before me?» Accused: «I don’t know. What time do you get up?» 18. He was over in England on a visit. He remembered the fight because she had talked about it so much. It was six rounds. He was almost out in the fourth. The poor Indian is only out to earn a little money, the same as me. 21. How do you suppose I managed when you were away? 22. Once again I am back in my home town. 23. I was through the war. 24. «Go on,«he growled. «Give me all my faults when you’re about it. Suspicious! Jealous! You’ve been at me before!» 25. They told us the roof was down – that you wouldn’t – wouldn’t come out. 26. Con half-said they’d be round for tea. 27. Do you expect to be away long? 28. We were out for a few moments only, to take a walk around the block.

X. Прочитайте следующий рассказ-шутку. Обратите внимание на употребление постпозитивов.

What a Language!

«What a language English is!» a Frenchman exclaimed in despair. «I once called on an English friend and the maid who came to the door said, ’He’s not up yet. Come back in half an hour.’"

«When I came again, she was setting the table for breakfast and said, ’He’s not down yet.’"

«I asked: ’If he’s not up and he’s not down, where is he?’"«She said, ’He’s still in bed. When I say ’He’s not up’, I mean he has not yet got up; when I say, ’He’s not down’, I mean he has not yet come downstairs!’»

Глагол to have, как и to be, шире по значению, чем русский глагол иметь. В нем, как и в глаголе to be, заложена потенциальная возможность действия.

Магу has a pencil in her hand. (наряду с: Mary is holding a pencil in her hand.) Мэри держит в руке карандаш.

The city has 100,000 inhabitants. Население города составляет 100 000 человек.

В такого рода предложениях при наличии подлежащего – действующего лица возможна и конструкция с there is.

There is a pencil in her hand.

We haven’t any coffee in the house. = There isn’t any coffee in the house.

Однако глагол to have может употребляться не только с подлежащим, выраженным существительным, обозначающим лицо (как, казалось бы, предполагает само значение глагола – значение обладания), но может использоваться и применительно к предметам. В таких случаях его значение тождественно значению конструкции there is, и они взаимозаменяемы. Например:

Some houses had quite wide grass round them. = There was quite wide grass round some houses.

Jack’s eager conspirator voice seemed very close to his ear, and it had a kind of caress, a sort of embrace. =… there was a kind of caress, a sort of embrace in Jack’s voice.

Аналогично глаголу to be, хотя и реже, в качестве глагола-связки в составном сказуемом употребляется и глагол to have. Это имеет место в таких сочетаниях с существительными (часто отглагольными), как to have dinner обедать, to have a talk поговорить, to have a quarrel поссориться, to have a rest отдыхать, to have a walk прогуляться, to have a smoke покурить, to have a good time хорошо провести время и т. д. Глагол to have теряет при этом свое основное значение и служит только указателем на разовое пользование чем-то, совершение некоего ограниченного действия.

Если приглядеться внимательнее к этим случаям употребления глаголов to be и to have и принять в расчет их активное бытование в английском языке, то нельзя не увидеть здесь проявления системных особенностей английского языка. Действительно, англичанин вполне может сказать to rest, но он все же предпочитает сложную форму – to have a rest. Суть состоит в том, что во всяком глаголе, выражающем конкретное действие и отражающем определенную качественную сторону действия или состояния, уже заложена количественная сторона, самый факт данного действия. Аналитическая тенденция английского языка порождает стремление к раздельному формальному выражению общей и конкретной, количественной и качественной стороны таких действий. И тогда, естественно, на место конкретного глагола приходит составное сказуемое с глаголом to have и именным выражением качества (прилагательное, причастие, существительное).

В английском языке образовался ряд устойчивых сочетаний с глаголом to have, которые передаются на русский язык, как правило, глаголами действия. Например:

She has a perfect command of English. Она прекрасно владеет английским языком.

I wish you to have a good time. Желаю вам хорошо провести время (повеселиться).

В заключение отметим, что, подобно тому, как глагол to be в сочетании с прилагательным, причастием или существительным выступает в значении соответствующего глагола, так и глагол to have в сочетании с существительным часто употребляется вместо простого глагольного сказуемого, выраженного глаголом действия. Например:

But if they were under the impression that they would get any information out of him he had a notion that they were mistaken. Но если им казалось, что им удастся выудить из него какие-то сведения, то он считал, что они ошибаются.

Не had a longing to smoke. Ему страшно хотелось курить.

Следует, однако, указать, что такого рода сочетания с глаголом to have более редки, чем с глаголом to be.

I. А. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на различные значения глагола to have.

1. I have no pencil. 2. You have no other way out. 3. His face had that small subtle smile that was characteristic of him. There were two saucers only. And all the rest to match: seven large brown teapots, of which five had broken spouts. I won’t have you all starve, simply because I’ve thrown myself at your head. 6. He came to her swiftly, and in a moment had her in his arms. 7. Oh, to have this happen when he was right at the point of a declaration. 8. Jack whipped his coat off and went to the shed for wood and coal, and soon had a lavish fire in the open hearth. 9. Have some more cake! 10. I won’t have you do this sort of thing. 11. I cannot have my clients disturbed in the middle of the night. 12. They had a gin and a tonic, Ashe doing most of the talking. 13. I’d be more likely to remember that I’m working for doctor Page if I had my month’s salary. 14. «Her name,«the woman went on, «is Anita. I was sick when I had her,«she explained as if to excuse her child’s delicacy. 15. Many households have two, or even three, newspapers every day. 16. Women’s clothes today have plenty of colour. 17. Isabel, when she awoke, sometimes told Antoinette to take her coffee into her mother’s room so that she could talk to her while she had it. 18. «I’ve had a letter from Sarah,«he said. 19. I wrote her as though I were still that boy, told her of the gun I’d got for Christmas, how the dog had had pups and what we’d named them. 20. He had me around the waist. 21. Then the dance began. The second-class passengers stood about shyly round the part of the deck reserved for dancing and occasionally danced with one another. «I’m glad we had them,«said the consul dancing with Mrs Hamlyn. «I’m for democracy, and I think they’re very sensible to keep themselves to themsel ves.» 22. I can work, can’t I? I can get a job at Payne and Perkins. They’ll be glad to have me. 23. The cad had had his warning. Now let him take what was coming to him. 24. I had him here just now asking for details. 25. «What will you have?» «Oh, I don’t want anything. I had a cocktail and a tremendous lunch.» 26. «Where is he – your son?» «Up in his father’s studio, I think.» «Perhaps you’d have him down.» 27. I had your father here yesterday afternoon, who made further valuable suggestions. 28. Soames knows the house well – he’ll tell you it’s too dear – his opinion’s worth having. 29. What if his master were asleep; he would soon have him out of that; there was the night to sleep in! 30. He suddenly had her by the shoulders.