Яков Аракин - Практический курс английского языка 2 курс

2. ache n (a continuous, not sharp or sudden, pain). Usually used in compounds: headache,

toothache, stomachache, earache, backache, е.g. I had a bad headache yesterday. Some people

have (a) bad earache when the plane is losing height. But: to have a sore throat, eye, finger, etc.,

е.g. I can't speak loude?, I have a sore throat.

Syn. pain n to feel (have) a bad (sharp, slight) pain in ..., е.g. I feel a sharp pain in my right

knee. My leg gives me much pain.; painful adj болезненный, тяжелый

Ant. painless, е.g. It was a painful (painless) operation.

to ache υ i/t болеть (чувствовать боль) — to be in continuous pain, e, g. My ear aches.

After climbing the mountain he ached all over.

Cf .: hurt υt/i причинять боль, е.g. It hurts the eyes to look at the sun. My foot hurts (me)

when I walk.

3. medicine n 1. лекарство, е.g. What medicine (s) do you take for your headaches? 2.

медицина, e.g. He is fond of medicine, he wants to become a surgeon.

medical adj, е.g. He studies at a Medical Institute. He is a medical student. My medical

knowledge leaves much to be desired. You'd better consult your surgeon.

4. condition n 1. состояние; to be in (a) good (bad) condition, е.g. After the thunderstorm

our garden was in a terrible condition, quite a number of trees were broken. Every parcel arrived in

good condition (nothing was broken or spoiled).; to be in no condition to do smth., е.g. He is in no

condition to travel. The ship was in no condition to leave harbour, He can sing very well, but tonight

he is in no condition to do it, he has a sore throat.

2. условие; under good (bad) condition(s), е.g. The unemployed live under very hard

conditions.; on condition that= if, е.g. I will do it on condition that you give me the time I need.;

conditional adj, е.g. Conditional sentences contain "if or its synonyms.

5. foot n (pl feet) 1.нога (ниже щиколотки, ступня), е.g. The boy jumped to his feet. A

dog's feet are called paws.; 2. фут (около) 30,5 см, pl часто без изменений, е.g. The boy was too

tall for his age and he was three foot two in his shoes.; 3. подножие, нижняя часть, основание, as

the foot of the mountain, at the foot of the page, the foot of the bed, е.g. This boy is at the foot of his

class.

Ant. top, head, as the top of the mountain, the top (head) of the page, at the head of the bed,

etc. е.g. This boy is at the head of his class.

on foot (= walking, not riding), е.g. When people are having their walking holiday they

cover long distances on foot. ( Cf .: by train, by bus, etc.)

footnote n сноска

6. prescribe υi прописывать лекарство, е.g. Doctor, will you prescribe a tonic for me? What

can you prescribe for my headache (cold, etc.) ?

prescription n рецепт; to make up a prescription for smb., е.g. Please call in at the chemist's

and have this prescription made up for me; to write out a prescription.

7. bare adj 1. обнаженный, голый, непокрытый (usu. about some part of our body), е.g.

His head was bare.

Syn. naked (= having no clothes on), е.g. Victorine was shocked when she learned that she

would have to sit for the painter quite naked.

barefoot adj predic, adv = with bare feet, without shoes and stockings, е.g. Children like to

go (run, walk) barefoot.

barefooted adj, attr. Barefooted people were standing on the bank.

bare-legged (-armed) adj = with bare legs (arms), е.g. When we speak of bare-legged

children we mean children wearing shoes, but no stockings; bare-footed children wear neither shoes

nor stockings.

bare-beaded, adj = without a hat, е.g. It's already too cold to go bare-headed.

2. пустой, голый, лишенный чего-л., as a bare room (with little or no furniture), bare walls

(without pictures or wallpaper), bare trees (without leaves), bare facts (only facts; nothing but facts).

Cf .: a bareroom (no furniture), an emptyroom (no people), a vacantroom (a room in which

either no one is living at present or no one is working; a room which can be occupied), е.g. After the

piano was taken out, the room seemed quite bare. I thought I heard voices in the next room, but it

was empty. "Won't you look for a vacant room in which we could have a consultation?" — "I'm told

that all the rooms are occupied."

8. refuse υt/i отказывать(ся), е.g. She refused my offer. She can't refuse her children

anything. He refused to do what I asked him.

N о t e: In the meaning of sacrificing smth., parting with smth., the English verb to give up is

used, е.g. He gave up the idea of going there. Roger promised to give up smoking, but he didn't keep

his promise.

refusal n , е.g. He answered her invitation, with a cold refusal,

9. like adj похожий, подобный, е.g. They are as like as two peas. What is he like? (= What

sort of person is he?) What does he look like? ( = What kind of appearance has he got?) How does

she look today? (= What is her appearrance today?) It looks like gold. (= It has the appearance of

gold.) It looks like rain. It was just like him to take the biggest piece of cake. There is nothing like

home.

like prep or adv подобно, как, е.g. I can't do it like you. They are behaving like little

children, I've never heard him sing like that.

Note: to act like means to do smth. in the same way or in the manner of other people, е.g. She

can play like a real pianist.; to act as means acting in the capacity of smb., e g. Some of our students

act as guides during summer.

alike adj predic одинаковый, похожий, подобный, е.g. The houses in this street are alike.

(Cf.: The houses in this street are like those in the next street.)

likeness n сходство, е.g. I cannot see much likeness between the twins.

unlike adj непохожий, е.g. She was unlike all other girls.

unlike prep в отличие от, е.g. Unlike other girls she was not at all talkative.

NOTES ON STYLE

A.The terms style, stylisticare generally used in two different meanings. In lexicology the

term functional styleis used which may be defined as a system of expressive means peculiar to a

specific sphere of communication. Otherwise speaking, the choice of words and of modes of

expression depends on the situation in which the process of communication is realized, whether it is

a friendly talk, an official letter or report, a poem, a scientific article, etc. According to the situation

(or the sphere of communication) we may distinguish formal (bookish, learned) and informal

(colloquial) words. The former are peculiar to fiction, scientific prose, lectures, official talks; the

latter are used in everyday talks with friends and relatives. One should also keep ip mind that there

are a great number of words that are independent of the sphere of communication, i. e. that can be

used in a lecture, in an informal talk, in a poem, etc. Such words are stylistically neutral ( е.g. bread,

word, book, go, takes, white, etc.).

Students should be warned against taking the term colloquial as a kind of encouragement to

use words thus marked as much as possible. The term implies that the words called colloquial are

limited by their sphere of usage and, if used in a wrong situation ( е.g. in a student's composition, in a

conversation with an official acquaintance or with one higher in authority), may produce the

impression of impoliteness or even rudeness.

E. g. He is a jolly chap. = Он парень что надо, (chap n , coll.; jolly adj, coll.) The

stylistically neutral way of putting it is: He is a good (fine) man.

How are the kids? = Как ваши ребята? (kid n , coll.) The stylistically neutral way How are

your children?

I'm all right. = Co мной все нормально. (all right coll.) The stylistically neutral way I feel

(am) quite well.

Compare:

Neutral

Colloquial

Bookish

begin

start

commence

continue

go on

proceed

end, finish

be over (through)

terminate

buy

get

purchase

Note also that such abbreviations as I'm, I've, I'll, you'd, you're, etc. are characteristic of

colloquial style. Therefore, students will be well advised to avoid them in their compositions, essays,

precis, etc.

B.The term stylemay be also used with reference to the manner of writing of some

particular author. E. g. Hemingway's style is characterized by laconism and lack of detail. The syntax

of his sentences is very simple, the dialogues are almost monosyllabic and seemingly unemotional.

Yet, through the austere form the author manages sometimes to create a narration of great tension.

ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY (I)

Words

ache υ, n

flue n

painful adj

avoid υ

foot n

pneumonia n

bare adj

medical adj

prescribe υ

barefoot adj predic, adv

medicine n

prescription n

bare-headed adj

miserable adj

shiver υ

condition n

naked adj

tremble υ

epidemic n

pain n

vacant adj

fever n

Word Combinations

to have (got) a headache

to give smth. up

to take one's (or smb.'s)