Владимир Аракин - Практический курс английского языка 1 курс

together on Wednesday, didn't we?

R: Yes, but that's three days ago, Daphne. I'm longing to see you. Will you

come with me tonight?

D: Oh, not tonight, Robert. I'm feeling a bit tired.

R: Couldn't we go out just for an hour? I've been looking forward to seeing

you all day.

D: I can see you haven't been playing tennis all day or you ...

R: I wish I had. I've been helping the old man in the garden. D: Then you

must be feeling tired too!

R: Listen, darling! Are you telling me the truth? Or are you going out with

this James, whoever he is? D: Of course not. He's ...

R: You're going out with him this evening, aren't you?

D: No. I've told you. I don't want to go out this evening.

R: Now I know why. You're going to sit by the phone all ^ening, waiting for

your beloved Jimmy to give you a call.

D: Don't be ridiculous, Robert. He isn't my beloved Jimmy. And anyway ...

his name is James. He doesn't like to be called Jimmy.

e) Explain theuse of tenses:

1. You seem to have been avoiding me ... . 2. I'm longing to see you. 3. I'm

feeling a bit tired. 4. I've been looking forward .... 5. You haven't been playing

tennis ... . 6. You've been helping the old man . . . . 7. ... you must be feeling

tired too. 8. Are you telling me the truth?

f) Make up situations in which you can use the tenses mentioned above. Make other

students explain the use.g) Read the text"A Lovers' Quarrel" (Part Three). Translate it

into Russian:

Part Three

R: Oh! He doesn't, does he? Well, if I get my hands on him people will be

calling him Scarface Jimmy. I suppose you've been seeing this poor fish every

day. That's why you haven't been seeing me.

D: Of course it isn't. Do stop talking nonsense, Robert, and listen...

R: To your explanation? You needn't bother, I understand everything

perfectly. (He imitates her.) Oh, hullo, James darling. I was wondering

whether you'd call this evening? I'm not a fool, you know.

D: For the last time... will you listen?

R: Go on. I'm all ears. ,

D: James is my cousin. He's thirty-four, he's married , and he has 3 children.

He's coming to London next week from Scotland, and he'll be staying with us.

We're expecting a call from him this evening.

R: Your cousin? Honestly? Married? Why the devil didn't you sayso?

D: You didn't give me the chance. R: When

can I see you again?

D: I'll see you in half an hour ... unless you're feeling too ashamed of

yourself.

h) Explain the use of tenses:

1. If 1 get my hands on him people will be calling him ... . 2. You've been

seeing this poor fish... 3. He's coming to London ... and he'll be staying with

us ....

i) Make up' situations in which you can use the tenses mentioned above. Make other

students explain their use. j) Reproduce the text **A Lovers' Quarter in Indirect

Speech.

LABORATORY WORK

I. Answer the questions. Record your answers in the intervals.

II. Translate the sentences into English using the active vocabnlary.

III. Spell and transcribe the words.

II. Translate the phrases into English.

II. Write the dictation.

VI.

Listen to the wrong statements. Correct them.

VI.

a) Listen to the poem "Twilight" by George G. Byron, b) Mark the stresses

and tunes. Practise the poem, c) Learn it by heart.

I N T R O D U C T I O N

INTONATION

I n t o n a t i o n is a complex unity of variations in pitch, stress, tempo and

timbre.

T h e p i t c h c o m p o n e n t of intonation, or melody, is the changes in

the pitch of the voice in connected speech.

S e n t e n c e s t r e s s , o r a c c e n t , is the greater prominence of one

or more words among other words in the same sentence.

T e m p o is the relative speed with which sentences and intonation-groups

are pronounced in connected speech.

S p e e c h t i m b r e is a special colouring of voice which shows the

speaker's emotions, i. e. pleasure, displeasure, sorrow, etc.

Intonation serves to form sentences and intonation-groups, to define their

communicative type, to express the speaker's thoughts, to convey the attitudinal

meaning. One and the same grammatical structure and lexical composition of the

sentence may express different meaning when pronounced with different

intonation.

e. g. -> Isn't it ridiculous? (general question) -> Isn't it

ridiculous! (exclamation)

Long sentences, simple extended, compound and complex, are subdivided

into i n t o n a t i o n - g r o u p s . Intonation-group division depends on the

meaning of the sentence, the grammatical structure of the utterance and the style

of speech Each intonation-group is characterized by a definite intonation pattern.

The number of intonation groups in the same sentence may be different.

е. д. In ,June | Ju,ly | and /August | our V children 'don't 'go to ^school.

In VJune, 'July, and ,August | our V children 'don't 'go to ^school.

The end of each sentence is characterized by a relatively long pause. The

pauses between intonation-groups are shorter, they vary in length. There may be

no pauses between intonation-groups at all.

Each intonation-group is characterized by a certain intonation pattern, i. e.

each syllable of an intonation-group has a certain pitch and bears a larger or

smaller degree of prominence. Consequently pitch levels are inseparably

connected with stress. Intonation patterns consist of one or more syllables.

Intonation patterns containing a number of syllables consist of the following

parts: the pre-head, the head, the nucleus and the tail.

T h e p r e - h e a d includes unstressed and half-stressed syllables

preceding the first stressed syllable.

T h e h e a d includes the stressed and unstressed syllables beginning with

the first stressed syllable up to the last stressed syllable.

The last stressed syllable is called t h e n u c l e u s . The unstressed and

half-stressed syllables that follow the nucleus are called t h e t a i l .

e. gr. It was a Vvery 'sunny xday yesterday. It was a ...

— the pre-head. ... V very 'sunny — the head. ...

xday ... — the nucleus. ... yesterday — the tail.

The rises and falls that take place in the nucleus or start with it are called

n u c l e a r t o n e s .

T h e n u c l e u s is the most important part of the intonation pattern as it

defines the communicative type of the sentence, determines the semantic value

of the intonation-group, indicates the communicative centre of the intonation-

group or of the whole sentence.

T h e c o m m u n i c a t i v e c e n t r e is associated with the most

important word or words of the intonation-group or of the sentence.

The nuclear tone of the final intonation-group is determined by the

communicative type of the whole sentence.

The communicative types of sentences are differentiated in speech according

to the aim of the utterance from the point of view of communication, i. e. in

order to show if the sentence expresses a statement of fact, a question, a

command or an exclamation.

There are four communicative types of sentences:

1. Statements, е. д. I like music.

2. Questions, e. g. Can you prove it?

3. Imperative sentences or commands, e. g. Try it again.

4. Exclamations, e. g. Right you are!

The intonation pattern of the non-final intonation-group., mainly its nuclear

tone, is determined by the semantic value of the intonation-group and by its

connection with the following one.

The falling nuclear tone shows that the non-final intonation-group is

complete, important by itself and is not so closely connected with the following

intonation-group.

A longer pause after an intonation-group pronounced with the falling tone

makes the intonation-group even more significant.

e. g. I'll -> tell him vall | when he vcomes.

The rising nuclear tone shows that the non-final intonation-group is closely

connected in meaning with the following intonation-group, is not important by

itself and implies continuation.

e. g. -> Generally,speaking, 11 pre->fervtennis.

The intonation pattern is also modified by the speaker's attitude towards his

utterance:

e. g. vWhy? — detached, even unsympathetic. /Why? —

wondering.

In English notional words (nouns, adjectives, verbs, etc.) are generally

stressed. Form-words and most pronouns (personal and possessive mainly) are

generally unstressed. But any part of speech may be stressed if it is semantically

important.

е. д. V What is he 'going to ^do? — do is the communicative

centre.

-> What is vhe going to do? he is the communicative

—

centre.

METHOD OF INDICATING INTONATION ON THE STAVES

Unstressed syllables are represented by dots, stressed syllables are marked by