Вернер Ротенгаттер - Мегапроекты и риски. Анатомия амбиций

Danish ministries of Finance and Trade, Alternativ finansiering av infrastrukturprojekt (Stockholm Finansdepartementet and Näringsdepartementet, 2000).

Bruzelius, Кöра väg eller köpa vägtjänster.

С. M. Tarn, “Build-Operate-Transfer Model for Infrastructure Developments in Asia: Reasons for Successes and Failures”, International Journal of Project Management, том 17, № 6, декабрь 1999 г., с. 377–82.

Major Projects Association, Beyond 2000, с. 174. См. также Cal Clark, John G. Heilman and Gerald W. Johnson, “Privatization: Moving Beyond Laissez Faire”, Policy Studies Review, том 14, №№ 3–4, осень-зима 1995 г., с. 395–406.

См. также Barry Bozeman, “Exploring the Limits of Public and Private Sectors: Sector Boundaries as Maginot Line”, Public Administration Review, том 48, № 2, 1988, с. 672–3; Christine Kessides, Institutional Options for the Provision of Infrastructure, World Bank Discussion Papers, no. 212 (Washington, DC: World Bank, 1993); Francis J. Leazes Jr, “Public Accountability: Is It a Private Responsibility?”, Administration and Society, том 29, № 4, сентябрь 1997 г., с. 395–41; Robert S. Gilmour and Laura S. Jensen, “Reinventing Government Accountability: Public Functions, Privatization, and the Meaning of ‘State Action’”, Public Administration Review, том 58, № 3, май-июнь 1998 г., с. 247–58.

Исключением является компания Dangas, подчиняющаяся датской компании природного газа Dong.

Danish Ministry of Finance, Erfaringer med statslige aktieselskaber (Copenhagen: Finansministeriet (Ministry of Finance), 1993), с. 82.

См. также Geoffrey Vickers, The Art of Judgment: A Study of Policy Making (London: Methuen, 1968), гл. 12; Robert C. Seamans, Jr and Frederick I. Ordway, “The Apollo Tradition: An Object Lesson for the Management of Large-Scale Technological Endeavors”, Interdisciplinary Science Reviews, том 2, № 4, 1977, с. 270–304; Day and Klein, Accountabilities; B. Rosen, Holding Government Bureaucracies Accountable, 2nd edn (New York: Praeger, 1989); Michael M. Harmon, Responsibility as Paradox: A Critique of Rational Discourse on Government (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1995), гл. 7; Bovens, The Quest for Responsibility: Accountability and Citizenship in Complex Organizations.

Jean-Michel Fourniau, “Making the Decision More Transparent: Recent Changes in the Treatment of Major Transport Infrastructure Projects in France”, unpublished paper, INRETS-DEST, Arcueil, France, undated.

Больше об общественном участии и эффективной коммуникации, см.: Richard D. Schwass and Brenda Fowler, “Public Involvement Throughout the Big Chute Hydroelectric Redevelopment Project”, Impact Assessment, том 11, № 4, 1993; and Toddi A. Steelman and William Ascher, “Public Involvement Methods in Natural Resource Policy Making: Advantages, Disadvantages and Trade-Offs”, Policy Sciences, том 31, № 2, 1997, с. 71–90.

Относительно подхода заинтересованных лиц к участию, см.: John A. Altman and Ed Petkus, Jr, “Towards a Stakeholder-Based Policy Process: An Application of the Social Marketing Perspective to Environmental Policy Development”, Policy Sciences, том 27, № 1, 1994, с. 37–51; John MacArthur, “Stakeholder Analysis in Project Planning: Origins, Applications and Refinements of the Method”, Project Appraisal, том 12, № 4, декабрь 1997 г., с. 251–65; S. Tuler, “Development of Mutual Understanding Among Stakeholders in Environmental Policy Disputes”, in Human Ecology: Progress Through Integrative Perspectives, proceedings of the 7th Society for Human Ecology Meeting (East Lansing, MI: Society for Human Ecology, April 1994), с. 280–84; Stephen M. Born et at, “Socioeconomic and Institutional Dimensions of Dam Removals: The Wisconsin Experience”, Environmental Management, том 22, № 3, 1998, с. 359–70; Bert Enserink, “A Quick Scan for Infrastructure Planning: Screening Alternatives Through Interactive Stakeholder Analysis”, Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal, том 18, № 1, март 2000 г., с. 15–22.

Kern Lowry, Peter Adler and Neal Milner, “Participating the Public: Group Process, Politics, and Planning”, Journal of Planning Education and Research, том 16, № 3, весна 1997 г., с. 177–87; Cheryl Simrell King, Kathryn M. Feltey and Bridget O’Neill Susel, “The Question of Participation: Toward Authentic Public Participation in Public Administration”, Public Administration Review, том 58, № 4, июль-август 1998 г., с. 317–26.

Interorganizational Committee on Guidelines and Principles for Social Impact Assessment, Guidelines and Principles for Social Impact Assessment, NOAA Technical Memorandum/NMFS-F/SPO-16 (Washington, DC: US Department of Commerce, 1994); John Sinclair and Alan Diduck, “Public Education: An Undervalued Component of the Environmental Assessment Public Ivolvement Process”, Environmental Impact Assessment Review, том 15, № 3, 1995, с. 219–40; Liette Vasseur et al., “Advisory Committee: A Powerful Tool for Helping Decision Makers in Environmental Issues”, Environmental Management, том 21, № 3, 1997, с. 359–65.

Renn, Webler and Wiedemann, eds., Fairness and Competence in Citizen Participation: Evaluating Models for Environmental Discourse. См. также Daniel J. Fiorino, “Citizen Participation and Environmental Risk: A Survey of Institutional Mechanisms”, Science, Technology, and Human Values, том 15, 1990, с. 226–43; O. Renn, T. Webler, H. Rakel, B. Johnson and P. Dienel, “A Three-Step Procedure for Public Participation in Decision Making”, Policy Sciences, том 26, 1993, с. 189–214; S. Tuler, “Learning Through Participation”, Human Ecology Review, том 5, № 1, 1998, с. 58–60; S. Tuler and T. Webler, “Voices From the Forest: What Participants Expect of a Public Participation Process”, Society and Natural Resources, том 12, 1999, с. 437–53; T. Webler, “Organizing Public Participation: A Review of Three Handbooks”, Human Ecology Review, том 3, № 1, 1997, с. 245–54.

В этом и в следующем параграфе цитаты из Funtowicz and Ravetz, “Three Types of Risk Assessment and the Emergence of Post-normal Science”, in Krimsky and Golding, eds., Social Theories of Risk, с. 254, 270–71, 294.

См. также К. P. Kearns, “Strategic Management of Accountability”, Public Administration Review, том 54, 1993, с. 185–92; and С Pollitt and H. Summa, “Performance Auditing: Travellers’ Tales”, in E. Chelimsky and W. Shadish, eds., Evaluation for the Twenty-First Century: A Resource Book (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1997).

В транспортном секторе функциональные требования для инвестиционных проектов все еще редкость. Сообщалось, что восемь автодорожных проектов, разработанных в течение 1990-х гг. с помощью технологии DBFO в Англии, основывались на функциональных требованиях. Однако, фактически, эти проекты основывались на традиционных технических условиях; см. National Audit Office, The Private Finance Initiative: The First Four Design, Build, Finance and Operate Roads Contracts. Заключение контрактов, основанных на функциональных требованиях, использовалось в Швеции для ряда проектов строительства дорог, хотя и в не полной мере; см., например, Torsten Grennberg and Во Grönberg, Fyra vägbyggen på funktionsentreprenad (Stockholm: Swedish National Road Administration, 1996). Заключение контрактов, основанных на функциональных требованиях, в настоящее время используется во многих странах для текущего технического обслуживания дорог, что приводит к появлению долгосрочных контрактов сроком до десяти лет; см., например: G. S. Michel, D. Palsat and С. Cawley, “Issues Relating to Performance Specifications for Roadways”, paper presented at the 1998 Annual Conference of the Transportation Association of Canada; and G. Cabana, G. Liautaud and A. Faiz, “Areawide Performance-Based Rehabilitation and Maintenance Contracts for Low-Volume Roads”, Seventh International Conference on Low-Volume Roads, 1999.

Paul Anand et al, “Performance Auditing in the Public Sector: Approaches and Issues in OECD Member Countries”, background paper for PUMA Symposium, OECD, Paris, 6–7 июня 1995 г.

Anthony A. Atkinson, John H. Waterhouse and Robert B. Wells, “A Stakeholder Approach to Strategic Performance Measurement”, Sloan Management Review, том 38, № 3, весна 1997 г., с. 25–37.

См., например: Bruzelius: Кöра väg eller köpa vägtjänster? En analys av nya metoder för finansiering av vägar. См. также Gómez-Ibáňez and Meyer, Going Private: The International Experience with Transport Privatization.

См. также Kessides, Institutional Options.

См., например: Dieter Helm, “British Utility Regulation: Theory, Practice, and Reform”, Oxford Review of Economic Policy, том 10, № 3, 1994, с. 17–39.

См.: SOU (Statens offentliga utredninger), “Citytunneln i Malmö: Betänkande av utredningen med uppdrag att lämna förslag till genomförande och finansiering av en eventuell Citytunnel i Malmö”, SOU 1994:78 (Stockholm, 1994); and Regeringens proposition 1999/2000:66: Villkoren för järnvägstrafiken på den fasta förbindelsen över Öresund m. m. (Stockholm: SOU, 16 March 2000).

Основано на первичных данных Государственных железных дорог Дании, 26 января 2001 г.

Основано на предварительных данных.

См. главу 9 and G. Haley, “Private Finance for Transportation and Infrastructure Projects: A View”, International Journal of Project Management, том 10, № 2, май 1992 г., с. 63–68; and Sheila Farrell, ed.. Financing Transport Infrastructure (London: PTRC Education and Research Services, 1994).