Тодд Роуз - Долой среднее! [Новый манифест индивидуальности]

Shoda et al., “Intraindividual Stability in the Organization and Patterning of Behavior.”

Shoda et al., “Intraindividual Stability in the Organization and Patterning of Behavior.”

Lisa Feldman Barrett et al., “The Context Principle,” in The Mind in Context, ed. Batja Mesquita, Lisa Feldman Barrett, and Eliot R. Smith (New York: Guildford Press, 2010), chap. 1; Walter Mischel, “Toward an Integrative Science of the Person,” Annual Review of Psychology 55 (2004): 1–22; Yuichi Shoda, Daniel Cervone, and Geraldine Downey, eds., Persons in Context: Building a Science of the Individual (New York: Guilford Press, 2007); and Robert J. Sternberg and Richard K. Wagner, Mind in Context: Interactionist Perspectives on Human Intelligence (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994).

Shoda et al., Persons in Context

Lara K. Kammrath et al., “Incorporating If … Then … Personality Signatures in Person Perception: Beyond the Person-Situation Dichotomy,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 88, no. 4 (2005): 605; Batja Mesquita, Lisa Feldman Barrett, and Eliot R. Smith, eds., The Mind in Context (New York: Guilford Press, 2010); Sternberg and Wagner, Mind in Context; and Donna D. Whitsett and Yuichi Shoda, “An Approach to Test for Individual Differences in the Effects of Situations Without Using Moderator Variables,” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 50, no. C (January 1, 2014): 94–104.

Биографические данные см. в Raymond P. Morris, “Hugh Hartshorne, “1885–1967,” Religious Education 62, no. 3 (1968): 162.

Marvin W. Berkowitz and Melinda C. Bier, “Research-Based Character Education,” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 591, no. 1 (2004): 72–85.

Hartshorne and May, Studies, Vol. 1: Studies in Deceit, 47–103.

Hartshorne and May, Studies, Vol. 1: Studies in Deceit. Also see John M. Doris, Lack of Character: Personality and Moral Behavior (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002).

Hartshorne, May, and Shuttleworth, Studies, Vol. III: Studies in the Organization of Character (1930): 291. Примечание: в исходном исследовании участниками были мальчик и девочка, однако я решил изобразить на картинке двух девочек, чтобы в центре обсуждения был не гендер, а свойства личности.

Hartshorne, May, and Shuttleworth, Studies, Vol. III: Studies in the Organization of Character, 287.

Свежий пример см. в работе Mark Prigg, “Self Control Is the Most Important Skill a Parent Can Teach Their Child, Says Study,” Daily Mail, April 14, 2015, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article–3038807/Self-control-important-thing-parent-teach-children-Study-says-major-influence-child-s-life.html.

Обзор темы см. в недавно вышедшей книге автора исходного исследования Walter Mischel, The Marshmallow Test (New York: Random House, 2014). For details of the task, see “Delaying Gratification,” in “What You Need to Know about Willpower: The Psychological Science of Self-Control,” American Psychological Association, https://www.apa.org/helpcenter/willpower-gratification.pdf; and “Stanford Marshmallow Experiment,” Wikipedia, June 13, 2015, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_marshmallow_experiment.

Walter Mischel et al., “The Nature of Adolescent Competencies Predicted by Preschool Delay of Gratification,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 54, no. 4 (1988): 687; Walter Mischel et al., “Cognitive and Attentional Mechanisms in Delay of Gratification,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 21, no. 2 (1972): 204.

Yuichi Shoda et al., “Predicting Adolescent Cognitive and Self-Regulatory Competencies from Preschool Delay of Gratification: Identifying Diagnostic Conditions,” Developmental Psychology 26, no. 6 (1990): 978. See also Walter Mischel and Nancy Baker, “Cognitive Appraisals and Transformations in Delay Behavior,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 31, no. 2 (1975): 254; Walter Mischel et al., “Delay of Gratification in Children,” Science 244, no. 4907 (1989): 933–938; Walter Mischel et al., “ ‘Willpower’ over the Life Span: Decomposing Self-Regulation,” Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience (2010); Tanya R. Schlam et al., “Preschoolers’ Delay of Gratification Predicts Their Body Mass 30 Years Later,” Journal of Pediatrics 162, no. 1 (2013): 90–93; and Inge-Marie Eigsti, “Predicting Cognitive Control from Preschool to Late Adolescence and Young Adulthood,” Psychological Science 17, no. 6 (2006): 478–484.

B. J. Casey et al., “Behavioral and Neural Correlates of Delay of Gratification 40 Years Later,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108, no. 36 (2011): 14998–15003.

Louise Eckman, “Behavior Problems: Teaching Young Children Self-Control Skills,” National Mental Health and Education Center, http://www.nasponline.org/resources/handouts/behavior%20template.pdf.

Martin Henley, Teaching Self-Control: A Curriculum for Responsible Behavior (Bloomington, IN: National Educational Service, 2003); and “Self Control,” Character First Education, http://characterfirsteducation.com/c/curriculum-detail/2039081.

Обсуждение темы см. в работе Jacoba Urist, “What the Marshmallow Test Really Teaches About Self-Control,” Atlantic, September 24, 2014, http://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2014/09/what-the-marshmallow-test-really-teaches-about-self-control/380673/.

Shoda, interview, 2014.

Дополнительно о работе доктора Кидд см. “Celeste Kidd,” University of Rochester, Brain & Cognitive Sciences, http://www.bcs.rochester.edu/people/ckidd/.

Celeste Kidd, interviewed by Todd Rose, June 12, 2015; see also “The Marshmallow Study Revisited,” University of Rochester, October 11, 2012, http://www.rochester.edu/news/show.php?id=4622.

Kidd et al., “Rational Snacking: Young Children’s Decision-Making on the Marshmallow Task Is Moderated by Beliefs About Environmental Reliability,” Cognition 126, no. 1 (2013): 109–114.

Kidd et al., “Rational Snacking.”

“What We Do,” Adler Group, http://louadlergroup.com/about-us/what-we-do/.

Lou Adler, interviewed by Todd Rose, March 27, 2015.

Adler, interview, 2015; for an overview of Performance-Based Hiring, see Lou Adler, Hire with Your Head: Using Performance-Based Hiring to Build Great Teams (Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, 2012).

Adler, interview, 2015.

Adler, interview, 2015.

Dr. Matthew Partridge, “Callum Negus-Fancey: ‘Put People and Talent First,’” MoneyWeek, January 22, 2015, http://moneyweek.com/profile-of-entrepreneur-callum-negus-fancey/.

Callum Negus-Fancey, interviewed by Todd Rose, April 3, 2015.

Negus-Fancey, interview, 2015.

Negus-Fancey, interview, 2015.

Adler, interview, 2015.

Arnold Gesell, “Developmental Schedules,” in The Mental Growth of the Pre-School Child: A Psychological Outline of Normal Development from Birth to the Sixth Year, Including a System of Developmental Diagnosis (New York, NY: Macmillan, 1925).

Robert Kanigel, The One Best Way: Frederick Winslow Taylor and the Enigma of Efficiency (Cambridge: MIT Press Books, 2005).

Raymond E. Callahan, Education and the Cult of Efficiency (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1964).

E. Thelen and K. E. Adolph, “Arnold L. Gesell: The Paradox of Nature and Nurture,” Developmental Psychology 28, no. 3 (1992): 368–380; Laura Sices, “Use of Developmental Milestones in Pediatric Residency Training and Practice: Time to Rethink the Meaning of the Mean,” Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics 28, no. 1 (2007): 47; K. E. Adolph and S. R. Robinson, “The Road to Walking: What Learning to Walk Tells Us About Development,” in Oxford Handbook of Developmental Psychology, ed. P. Zelazo (New York: Oxford University Press, 2013); and “Child Growth Standards: Motor Development Milestones,” World Health Organization, http://www.who.int/childgrowth/standards/motor_milestones/en/.

Дополнительную информацию о докторе Карен Адольф и ее работе можно найти на сайте ее лаборатории: http://psych.nyu.edu/adolph/.

Karen E. Adolph et al., “Learning to Crawl,” Child Development 69, no. 5 (1998): 1299–1312.

Adolph et al., “Learning to Crawl.”

Adolph et al., “Learning to Crawl.”

Karen Adolph, interviewed by Todd Rose, June 13, 2015.

“Discovery: Will Baby Crawl?” National Science Foundation, July 21, 2004, https://www.nsf.gov/discoveries/disc_summ.jsp?cntn_id=103153.

Kate Gammon, “Crawling: A New Evolutionary Trick?” Popular Science, November 1, 2013, http://www.popsci.com/blog-network/kinderlab/crawling-new-evolutionary-trick.

“David Tracer, Ph.D.” University of Colorado Denver Fulbright Scholar Recipients, http://www.ucdenver.edu/academics/InternationalPrograms/oia/fulbright/recipients/davidtracer/Pages/default.aspx; Kate Wong, “Hitching a Ride,” Scientific American 301, no. 1 (2009): 20–23; “Discovery: Will Baby Crawl?”.

“What Are the Key Statistics About Colorectal Cancer?” American Cancer Society, http://www.cancer.org/cancer/colonandrectumcancer/detailedguide/colorectal-cancer-key-statistics.

Eric R. Fearon and Bert Vogelstein, “A Genetic Model for Colorectal Tumorigenesis,” Cell 61, no. 5 (1990): 759–767.

Gillian Smith et al., “Mutations in APC, Kirsten-ras, and p53—Alternative Genetic Pathways to Colorectal Cancer,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 99, no. 14 (2002): 9433–9438; Massimo Pancione et al., “Genetic and Epigenetic Events Generate Multiple Pathways in Colorectal Cancer Progression,” Pathology Research International 2012 (2012); Sylviane Olschwang et al., “Alternative Genetic Pathways in Colorectal Carcinogenesis,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 94, no. 22 (1997): 12122–12127; and Yu-Wei Cheng et al., “CpG Island Methylator Phenotype Associates with Low-Degree Chromosomal Abnormalities in Colorectal Cancer,” Clinical Cancer Research 14, no. 19 (2008): 6005–6013.