Тодд Роуз - Долой среднее! [Новый манифест индивидуальности]

Gabriel Kahn, “The iTunes of Higher Education,” Slate, September 19, 2013, http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/education/2013/09/edx_mit_and_online_certificates_how_non_degree_certificates_are_disrupting.html; https://www.edx.org/press/mitx-introduces-xseries-course-sequence; Nick Anderson, “Online College Courses to Grant Credentials, for a Fee,” Washington Post, January 9, 2013, http://www.washingtonpost.com/local/education/online-college-courses-to-grant-credentials-for-a-fee/2013/01/08/ffc0f5ce-5910-11e2-88d0-c4cf65c3ad15_story.html; Nick Anderson, “MOOCS — Here Come the Credentials,” Washington Post, January 9, 2013, http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/college-inc/post/moocs-here-come-the-credentials/2013/01/09/a1db85a2–5a67–11e2–88d0-c4cf65c3ad15_blog.html.

Maurice A. Jones, “Credentials, Not Diplomas, Are What Count for Many Job Openings,” New York Times, March 19, 2015, http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2015/03/19/who-should-pay-for-workers-training/credentials-not-diplomas-are-what-count-for-many-job-openings; for more on national credential initiative, see “President Obama and Skills for America’s Future Partners Announce Initiatives Critical to Improving Manufacturing Workforce,” The White House, June 8, 2011, https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2011/06/08/president-obama-and-skills-americas-future-partners-announce-initiatives.

Jones, “Credentials, Not Diplomas.”

http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/education/2013/09/edx_mit_and_online_certificates_how_non_degree_certificates_are_disrupting.html.

Thomas R. Guskey, “Five Obstacles to Grading Reform,” Educational Leadership 69, no. 3 (2011): 16–21.

Western Governors University, http://www.wgu.edu/.

“Competency-Based Approach,” Western Governors University, http://www.wgu.edu/why_WGU/competency_based_approach?utm_source=10951; John Gravois, “The College For-Profits Should Fear,” Washington Monthly, September/October 2011, http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/magazine/septemberoctober_2011/features/the_college_forprofits_should031640.php?page=all; “WGU Named ‘Best Value School’ by University Research & Review for Second Consecutive Year,” PR Newswire, April 9, 2015, http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/wgu-named-best-value-school-by-university-research-review-for-second-consecutive-year-300063690.html; Tara Garcia Mathewson, “Western Governors University Takes Hold in Online Ed,” Education DIVE, March 31, 2015, http://www.educationdive.com/news/western-governors-university-takes-hold-in-online-ed/381283/.

George Lorenzo, “Western Governors University: How Competency-Based Distance Education Has Come of Age,” Educational Pathways 6, no. 7 (2007): 1–4, http://www.wgu.edu/about_WGU/ed_pathways_707_article.pdf; Matt Krupnick, “As a Whole New Kind of College Emerges, Critics Fret Over Standards,” Hechinger Report, February 24, 2015, http://hechingerreport.org/whole-new-kind-college-emerges-critics-fret-standards/.

Krupnick, “As a Whole New Kind of College Emerges;” and “Overview,” Competency-Based Education Network, http://www.cbenetwork.org/about/

EdX and Arizona State University Reimagine First Year of College, Offer Alternative Entry Into Higher Education,” April 22, 2015, https://www.edx.org/press/edx-arizona-state-university-reimagine; John A. Byrne, “Arizona State, edX to offer entire freshman year of college online,” Fortune, April 22, 2015, http://fortune.com/2015/04/22/arizona-state-edx-moocs-online-education/. For more on ASU, see Jon Marcus, “Is Arizona State University the Model for the New American University?” Hechinger Report, March 11, 2015, http://hechingerreport.org/is-arizona-state-university-the-model-for-the-new-american-university/.

Дополнительную информацию о самолете A-10 Warthog см. “Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II,” Wikipedia, June 29, 2015, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairchild_Republic_A-10_Thunderbolt_II.

Lt. Kim C. Campbell, interviewed by Todd Rose, April 8, 2015.

Campbell, interview, 2015.

Campbell, interview, 2015.

Campbell, interview, 2015.

Campbell, interview, 2015.

“Kim Campbell,” Badass of the Week, April 7, 2003, http://www.badassoftheweek.com/kimcampbell.html.

“Kim N. Campbell,” Military Times, http://valor.militarytimes.com/recipient.php?recipientid=42653.

Campbell, interview, 2015.

Campbell, interview, 2015.

Campbell, interview, 2015.

Обзор концепции равных возможностей см. в статье “Equal Opportunity,” Wikipedia, June 24, 2015, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equal_opportunity.

Идея равного доступа сыграла крайне важную роль в борьбе за права представителей разных рас (см. “School Desegregation and Equal Education Opportunity,” Civil Rights 101, http://www.civilrights.org/resources/civilrights101/desegregation.html?referrer=https://www.google.com/, and “The Civil Rights Movement (1954–1965): An Overview,” The Social Welfare History Project, http://www.socialwelfarehistory.com/eras/civil-rights-movement/); представителей разного пола (см. Bonnie Eisenberg and Mary Ruthsdotter, “History of the Women’s Rights Movement,” National Women’s History Project, 1998, http://www.nwhp.org/resources/womens-rights-movement/history-of-the-womens-rights-movement/); возможностей (“A Brief History of the Disability Rights Movement,” The Anti-Defamation League, 2005, http://archive.adl.org/education/curriculum_connections/fall_2005/fall_2005_lesson5_history.html.

Здесь крайне важно отметить, что концепция равного доступа по-прежнему важна и заслуживает защиты. Взять хотя бы тот факт, что в 2005 году (спустя два года после героического полета Киллер Цыпы) в Конгрессе была предпринята попытка отстранить женщин от участия в военных действиях (“Letters to the Editor for Friday, May 27, 2005,” Stars and Stripes, May 27, 2005, http://www.stripes.com/opinion/letters-to-the-editor-for-friday-may-27-2005-1.35029).

Abraham Lincoln, “Message to Congress,” July 4, 1861, Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, vol. 4 (Rutgers University Press, 1953, 1990): 438.

Дополнительно о тестах, основанных на нормативах, см. “Norm-Referenced Achievement Tests,” FairTest, August 17, 2007, http://www.fairtest.org/facts/nratests.htm.

James Truslow Adams, The Epic of America (New York: Blue Ribbon, 1931), 214–215.

Adams, “Epic of America,” 180.