Стивен Хэйне - ДНК – не приговор. Удивительная связь между вами и вашими генами

Jorde, L. B., & Wooding, S. P. (2004). Genetic variation, classification and «race». Nature Genetics , 36, S28–S33; Gravlee, C. G. (2009). How race becomes biology: Embodiment of social inequality. American Journal of Physical Anthropology , 139, 47–57.

Coop, G., Pickrell, J. K., Novembre, J., Kudaravalli, S., Li, J., Absher, D., et al. (2009). The role of geography in human adaptation. PLoS Genetics , 5, e1000500.

Wade, N. (2014). A troublesome inheritance. New York, NY: Penguin Press.

См. также: Yudell, M., Roberts, D., DeSalle, R., & Tishkoff, S. (2016). Taking race out of human genetics. Science , 351, 564–565.

Templeton, A. R. (2013). Biological races in humans. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences , 44, 262–271. См. также: Santos, R. V., Fry, P. H., Monteiro, S., Maio, M. C., Rodrigues, J. C., Bastos-Rodrigues, L., et al. (2009). Color, race, and genomic ancestry in Brazil. Current Anthropology , 50, 787–819.

Англ. hypodescent – принцип «происхождения по низшей группе». Прим. перев.

Обратите внимание на то, что степень, в которой регламентируется гипонаследование, сильно варьируется в разных группах. Во многих племенах коренных американцев требуется значительная часть племенной крови, чтобы кто-то мог претендовать на членство (см.: Snipp, C. M. (2003). Racial measurement in the American census: Past practices and implications for the future. Annual Review of Sociology , 29, 563–588).

Grant, M. (1916). The passing of the great race . New York, NY: Scribner.

Ho, A. K., Sidanius, J., Levin, D. T., & Banaji, M. R. (2011). Evidence for hypodescent and racial hierarchy in the categorization and perception of biracial individuals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 100, 492–506.

Williams, M., & Eberhardt, J. (2008). Biological conceptions of race and the motivation to cross racial boundaries. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 94, 1033–1047.

См. также: Phelan, J. C., Link, S. Z., & Yang, L. H. (2014). Direct-to-consumer racial admixture tests and beliefs about essential racial differences. Social Psychology Quarterly, 77, 296–318; and Phelan, J. C., Link, B. G., & Feldman, N. M. (2013). The genomic revolution and beliefs about essential racial differences: A backdoor to eugenics? American Sociological Review , 78, 167–191.

No, S., Hong, Y., Liao, H., Lee, K., Wood, D., & Chao, M. (2008). Lay theory of race affects and moderates Asian Americans’ responses toward American culture. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 95, 991–1004. Концептуально схожие выводы см.: Chao, M., Chen, J., Roisman, G., & Hong, Y. (2007). Essentializing race: Implications for bicultural individuals’ cognition and physiological reactivity. Psychological Science , 18, 341–348.

Ambrose, S. H. (1998). Late Pleistocene human population bottlenecks, volcanic winter, and differentiation of modern humans. Journal of Human Evolution , 34, 623–651.

Fu, Q., Mittnik, A., Johnson, P. L., Bos, K., Lari, M., Bollongino, R., et al. (2013). A revised timescale for human evolution based on ancient mitochondrial genomes. Current Biology , 23, 553–559.

Gonder, M. K., Locatelli, S., Ghobrial, L., Mitchell, M. W., Kujawski, J. T., Lankester, F. J., et al. (2011). Evidence from Cameroon reveals differences in the genetic structure and histories of chimpanzee populations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science , 108, 4766–4771.

Becquet, C., Patterson, N., Stone, A. C., Przeworski, M., & Reich, D. (2007). Genetic structure of chimpanzee populations. PLoS Genetics , 3, e66. doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.0030066.

http://www.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0006/26/bn.01.html.

Цит. по: Collins, F. S. (2010). The language of life (p. 147). New York, NY: Harper.

Kimel, S. Y., Huesmann, R., Kunst, J. R., & Halperin, E. (2016). Living in a genetic world: How learning about interethnic genetic similarities and differences affects peace and conflict. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 42, 688–700.

Schmalor, A., Cheung, B. Y., & Heine, S. J. (2015). Exploring people’s thoughts about the causes of ethnic stereotypes. Unpublished data. University of British Columbia.

Еще один пример преимущества второй истории см.: Kang, S. K., Plaks, J. E., & Remedios, J. D. (2015). Folk beliefs about genetic variation predict avoidance of biracial individuals. Frontiers in Psychology , 6, 357. См. также: Plaks, J. E., Malahy, L. W., Sedlins, M., & Shoda, Y. (2012). Folk beliefs about human genetic variations predict discrete versus continuous racial categorization and evaluative bias. Social Psychological and Personality Science , 3, 31–39.

Burt, C. (1934). Studying the minds of others. In C. Burt (Ed.), How the mind works (p. 28). London, England: Unwin Brothers.

Deary, I. J., Lawn, M., & Bartholomew, D. J. (2008). A conversation between Charles Spearman, Godfrey Thomson, and Edward L. Thorndike: The International Examinations Inquiry Meetings 1931–1938 (Vol. 11, p. 122). History of Psychology , 11, 163.

Heine, S. J., Kitayama, S., Lehman, D. R., Takata, T., Ide, E., Leung, C., & Matsumoto, H. (2001). Divergent consequences of success and failure in Japan and North America: An investigation of self-improving motivations and malleable selves. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 81, 599–615.

Правильный ответ – «квадрат» ( square ): справедливая сделка ( Square Deal ), сытная трапеза ( Square Meal ), квадратный колышек/прищепка ( Square Peg – идиома, обозначает человека, находящегося не на своем месте).

Очень подробное и интересное исследование этой работы см.: Dweck, C. (2007). Mindset: The new psychology of success . New York, NY: Ballantine.

Asbury, K., & Plomin, R. (2014). G is for genes . West Sussex, UK: Wiley.

Nisbett, R. E. (2009). Intelligence and how to get it (p. 45–46). New York, NY: W. W. Norton.

Chabris, C. F., Hebert, B. M., Benjamin, D. J., Beauchamp, J. P., Cesarini, D., van der Loos, M. J. H. M., et al. (2012). Most reported genetic associations with general intelligence are probably false positives. Psychological Science , 23, 1314–1323.

Kirkpatrick, R. M., McGue, M., Iacono, W. G., Miller, M. B., & Basu, S. (2014). Results of a «GWAS Plus»: General cognitive ability is substantially heritable and massively polygenic. PLoS One , 9, e112390; Butcher, L. M., Davis, O. S. P., Craig, I. W., & Plomin, R. (2008). Genome-wide quantitative trait locus association scan of general cognitive ability using pooled DNA and 500K single nucleotide polymorphism microarrays. Genes, Brain and Behavior , 7, 435–446; Franic, S., Dolan, C. V., Broxholme, J., Hu, H., Zemojtel, J., Davies, G. E., et al. (2015). Mendelian and polygenic inheritance of intelligence: A common set of causal genes. Using next-generation sequencing to examine the effects of 168 intellectual disability genes on normal-range intelligence. Intelligence , 49, 10–22.

Rietveld, C. A., Esko, T., Davies, G., Pers, T. H., Turley, P., Benyamin, B., et al. (2014). Common genetic variants associated with cognitive performance identified using the proxy-phenotype method. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , 111, 13790–13794.

Davies, G., Tenesa, A., Payton, A., Yang, J., Harris, S. E., Liewald, D., et al. (2011). Genome-wide association studies establish that human intelligence is highly heritable and polygenic. Molecular Psychiatry , 16, 996–1005; Chabris, C. F., Hebert, B. M., Benjamin, D. J., Beauchamp, J. P., Cesarini, D., van der Loos, M. J. H. M., et al. (2012). Most reported genetic associations with general intelligence are probably false positives. Psychological Science , 23, 1314–1323.

Johnson, W. (2010). Understanding the genetics of intelligence: Can height help? Can corn oil? Current Directions in Psychological Science , 19, 177–182; Benyamin, B., Pourcain, B., Davis, O. S., Davies, G., Hansell, N. K., Brion, M. J., et al. (2014). Childhood intelligence is heritable, highly polygenic and associated with FNBP1L. Molecular Psychiatry , 19, 253–258.

Полногеномный анализ образовательного уровня позволил исследователям предсказать приблизительно 2,5 балла IQ для каждого допустимого отклонения полигенных баллов человека, рассчитанных по чипу ОНП (см. Belsky, D. W., Moffitt, T. E., Corcoran, D. L., Domingue, B., Harrington, H., Hogan, S., et al. (2016). The genetics of success: How single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with educational attainment relate to life-course development. Psychological Science ).

Bouchard, T. J., Jr. (1998). Genetic and environmental influences on adult intelligence and special mental abilities. Human Biology , 70, 257–279; Deary, I. J., Johnson, W., & Houlihan, L. (2009). Genetic foundations of human intelligence. Human Genetics , 126, 215–232.

Веский аргумент в пользу этого см.: Nisbett, R. E., Aronson, J., Blair, C., Dickens, W., Flynn, J., Halpern, D. F., et al. (2012). Intelligence: New findings and theoretical developments. American Psychologist , 67, 130–159.

Scarr-Salapatek, S. (1971). Race, social class, and IQ. Science, 174, 1285–1295; Rowe, D. C., Jacobson, K. C., & Van den Oord, E. J. C. G. (1999). Genetic and environmental influences on vocabulary IQ: Parental education level as moderator. Child Development , 70, 1151–1162; Turkheimer, E., Haley, A., Waldron, M., D’Onofrio, B., & Gottesman, I. (2003). Socioeconomic status modifies heritability of IQ in young children. Psychological Science , 14, 623–628. Любопытно, что влияние социального статуса на наследуемость интеллекта более выражено в Соединенных Штатах, чем где-либо еще (см.: Tucker-Drop, E. M., & Bates, T. C. (2015). Large cross-national differences in gene × socioeconomic status interaction on intelligence. Psychological Science). Это может быть результатом большего неравенства доходов. В местах с более высоким уровнем социального обеспечения, например в Европе, нет таких серьезных различий в оценках наследуемости IQ между богатыми и бедными.