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1. Mill, A Nights Search: Discovering the Nature and Condition of all Sorts of Night-Walkers… (London, 1639).

2. John 9:4; Paroimiographia (Spanish), 22; Georgina F. Jackson, comp., Shropshire Word-Book… (London, 1879), 38; Grose, Dictionary.

3. Gerhard Dohm-van Rossum, History of the Hour: Clocks and Modern Temporal Orders, trans. Thomas Dunlap (Chicago, 1996), 293,235,246; Tornano, Proverbi, 171; Verdon, Night, 110–112; Monica Chojnacka and Merry E. Wiesner-Hanks, eds., Ages of Woman, Ages of Man: Sources in European Social History, 1400–1750 (London, 2002), 159; Wilson, English Proverbs, 122; Henri Hauser, Ouvriers du Temps Passé XVe — XVIe Siècles (Paris, 1927), 82–83.

4. Dohm-van Rossum, History of the Hour, trans. Dunlap, 311–312,294; G. C. Coulton, ed., Life in the Middle Ages (Cambridge, 1929), 99; Hauser, Ouvriers, 82–85; Silvia Mantini, "Per Un'Immagine Della Notte," Archivio Storico Italino 4 (1985), 578–579; Maurice Bouteloup, "Le Travail de Nuit dans la Boulangerie" (Ph. D. diss., Université de Paris, 1909), 2.

5. Jan. 13, 1573, 1. H. Van Eeghen, Ed., Dagboek Van Broeder Wouter Jacobsz (Gualtherus Jacobi Masius Prior Van Stein: Amsterdam, 1572–1578, En Montfoort, 1578–1579, Gronningen, Neth., 1959), 1,134; R. H. Tawney and Eileen Power, eds., Tudor Economie Documents: Being Select Documents Illustrating the Economie and Social History of Tudor England (London, 1953), 1,342; Pierre Goubert, The French Peasantry in the Seventeenth Century, trans. Ian Patterson (Cambridge, 1986), 100; Helen Simpson, ed. and trans., The Waiting City: Paris 1782–1788… (Philadelphia, 1933), 75.

6. Anthony Homeck, The Happy Ascetick, or, the Best Exercise ([London], 1680), 409; Tornano, Proverbi, 104; Erskine Beveridge, comp., and J. D. Westwood, ed., Fegusson's Scottish Proverbs from the Original Print of 1641… (Edinburgh, 1924), 266.

7. Burkitt, The Poor Man’s Help… (London, 1694), 16.

8. Thompson, "Tune, Work-Discipline, and Industrial Capitalism," PP 38 (1967), 73, 56–97, passim.

9. "John Dane's Narrative," New England Historical and Geneological Register 8 (1854), 150; ECR, II, 150; Ménétra, Journal, 32–33; OBP, Sept. 7,1722.

10. Wilson, English Proverbs, 169; Thomas Dekker, The Seven Deadly Sinnes of London, ed. H. F. B. Brett-Smith, ed. (New York, 1922), 30; OBP, Feb. 2-Mar. 2, 1765, 120; John Clayton, Friendly Advice to the Poor… (Manchester, 1755), 37; Franco Sacchetti, Tales from Sacchetti, trans. Mary G. Steegmann (1908; rpt. edn., Westport, Ct., 1978), 231.

11. Gaetano Zompini, Le Arti Che Vanno per Via Nella Città di Venezia (Venice, 1785), piate 15, passim; Max J. Okenfuss, trans., The Travel Diary of Peter Tolstoi: A Muscovite in Early Modern Europe (DeKalb, III, 1987), 301; Marybeth Carlson, "Domestic Service in a Changing City Economy: Rotterdam, 1680–1780" (Ph. D. diss., Univ. of Wisconsin, 1993), 158; Tim Meldrum, Domestic Service and Gender, 1660–1750: Life and Work in the London Household (Harlow, Eng., 2000), 150–151; OBP, Oct. 12,1726, 3; Thompson, "Time, Work-Discipline," 60; Legg, Low-Life, 10; Restif de la Bretonne, Oeuvres (Geneva, 1971), II, 148–149.

12. Mar. 25,1661, Pepys, Diary, II, 60; J. W. Goethe, Italian Journey, 1786–1788 (New York, 1968), Part II, 315; OED, s. v. "bunter."

13. Beveridge, comp., and Westwood, ed., Scottish Proverbs, 25; Jan. 18,1624, Beck, Diary, 34; A General Description of All Trades… (London, 1747), 204, passim; John Collinges, The Weaver Pocket-Book, or, Weaving Spiritualized… (n. p., 1695), 87; William Howitt, The Boy's Country Book (London, n. d.), 12–13.

14. Dec. 24,1660, Pepys, Diary, 1,322; Joan Wake and Deborah Champion Webster, eds., The Letters of Daniel Eaton to the Third Earl of Cardigan, 1725–1732 (Kettering, Eng., 1971), 72; R. Campbell, The London Tradesman; Being a Compendius View of All the Trades, Professions, Arts, both Liberal and Mechanic now Practised in the Cities of London and Westminster (London, 1747), passim; Description of Trades, passim.

15. Steven L. Kaplan, The Bakers of Paris and the Bread Question, 1700–1775 (Durham, N. C, 19 %), 227, passim; Bouteloup, "Travail de Nuit," 3–5; Description of Trades, 10–11.

16. Campbell, London Tradesman, 264,332; OBP, Jan. 17,1728, Apr. 24–27,1745,104; Apr. 2, 8, 1777, Clement Young Sturge, ed., Leaves from the Past: The Diary of John Allen, Sometime Brewer ofWapping (1757–1808)… (Bristol, 1905), 30,34.

17. Celia Fiennes, The Illustrated Journeys of Celia Fiennes, c. 1685–1712, ed. Christopher Morris (London, 1982), 70; "Speculations," PA, July 15,1763; The Memoirs of Charles-Lewis Baron de Pollnitz… (London, 1739), 1,410; Bouteloup, "Travail de Nuit," 2; The Lawes of the Market (London, 1595).

18. T. Platter, Journal, 46; Woodward, ed., Books, 108; Goubert, French Peasantry, trans. Patterson, 140; John Webster, The Displaying of Supposed Witchcraft… (London, 1677), 299.

19. Edward Halle, The Union of the Two Noble and Illustrious Families ofLancastre & Yorke… (n. p., 1548), fo. xli; Sigrid Maurice and Klaus Maurice, "Counting the Hours in Community Life of the 16th and 17th Centuries," in Klaus Maurice and Otto Mayr, eds., The Clockwork Universe: German Clocks and Automata, 1550–1650 (New York, 1980), 149; Moryson, Itinerary, 1,22–23; Pinkerton, Travels, 1,329.

20. Margaret Killip, The Folklore of the Isle of Man (Totowa, N. J., 1976), 170; Garnet, Lampen, 102, 278; Schindler, Rebellion, 194, James Orchard Halliwell, A Dictionary of Archaic and Provincial Words… (London, 1865), 11, 924; Robert Greene, A Quip for an Upstart Courtier (1594; rpt. edn., Gainesville, Fla., 1954); George Latimer Apperson, English Proverbs and Proverbial Phrases: A Historical Dictionary (London, 1929), 78; Paul Mantoux, The Industrial Revolution in the Eighteenth Century: An Outline of the Beginnings of the Modern Factory System in England (London, 1952), 77; LE-P, Nov. 6, 1760.

21. Marjorie McIntosh, "The Diversity of Social Capital in English Communities, 1300–1640 (with a Glance at Modem Nigeria)," JIH 26 (1995), 471; Carol F. Karlsen, The Devil in the Shape of a Woman: Witchcraft in Colonial New England (New York, 1984), 171; Thomas Tusser, Five Hundred Pointes of Good Husbandrie, eds. V. Payne and Sidney J. Herrtage (London, 1878), 162; Raffaella Sarti, Europe at Home: Family and Material Culture, 1500–1800, trans. Allan Cameron (New Haven, 2002), 190–191.

22. Wilson, English Proverbs, 909; RB, III, Pt. 1,302–303; Laurel Thatcher Ulrich, A Midwife's Tale: The Life of Martha Ballard Based on Her Diary, 1785–1812 (New York, 1990), 210; Stephen Duck, The Thresher’s Labour (1736) and Mary Collier, The Woman's Labour (1739) (rpt. edn., Los Angeles, 1985), 15; Province and Court Records of Maine (Portland, Maine, 1928), 1,140; Caroline Davidson, A Woman's Work is Never Done: A History of Housework in the British Isles, 1650–1950 (London, 1982), 15.

23. Nov. 20, 1660, Pepys, Diary, 1, 297; Mary Stower, Dec. 15, 1727, Assi 45A8/15/84; ОВР, Apr. 28—May 4,1756,179; Davidson, Woman's Work, 136–152.

24. Collier, Woman's Labour, 16; Helen and Keith Kelsall, Scottish Lifestyle 300 Years Ago: New Light on Edinburgh and Border Families (Edinburgh, 1986), 97; Timothy J. Casey, ed., Jean Paul: A Reader, trans. Erika Casey (Baltimore, 1992), 339; SAS, XIV, 320, XV, 125; Richard Harvey, "The Work and Mentalité of Lower Orders Elizabethan Women," Exemplaria 5 (1993), 418–419.

25. OBP, Dec. 3,1729, 6; "Extract of a Letter from Edinburgh, dated June 27," SJC, July 6,1769; Catherine Parker, Jan. 7,1773, Assi 45/31/1/55; OBP, Dec. 7-12,1763,2.

26. Grose, Dictionary; Tusser, Good Husbandrie, ed. Payne and Herrtage, 58; July 7,1663, Pepys, Diary, IV, 220; Ferdinando Bortarelli, The New Italian, English and French Pocket-Dictionary… (London, 1777), III; Gerald Strauss, Nuremberg in the Sixteenth Century: City Politics and Life Between Middle Ages and Modem Times (Bloomington, Ind., 1976), 192; James Clifford, "Some Aspects of London Life in the Mid-18th Century," in Paul Fritz and David Williams, eds., City & Society in the 18th Century (Toronto, 1973), 23–34; Burt, Letters, 1,25; Susan B. Hanley, "Urban Sanitation in Preindustrial Japan," JIH 18 (1987), 1-26.

27. Donald Lupton, London and the Countrey Carbonadoed and Quartered into Severall Characters (1632; rpt. edn. Amsterdam, 1977), 94–96; Kathleen Elizabeth Stuart, "The Boundaries of Honor: 'Dishonorable People' in Augsburg, 1500–1800 (Ph. D. diss., Yale Univ., 1993), 171–175; Mar. 5–7,1799, Drinker, Diary, II, 1142–1143; Clifford, "London Life," 27.

28. Daniel Defoe, A Journal of the Plague Year… (1722; rpt. edn., London, 1927), 223, 233, passim; James S. Amelang, A Journal of the Plague Year: The Diary of the Barcelona Tanner Miguel Parets, 1651 (New York, 1991), 82; OED, s. v. "vespillon"; F. Altieri, Dizionario Italiano ed. Inglese… (London, 1726), I; A Report of the Record Commissioners of the City of Boston, Containing the Selectmen's Minutes from 1764 to 1768 (Boston, 1889), 12; Aug. 15,20,1665, Pepys, Diary, VI, 192,199; Michael Kunze, Highroad to the Stake: A Tale ofWitchcra.fi, trans. William E. Yuill (Chicago, 1987), 163.

29. The Ecologues and Georgies of Virgil, trans. C. Day Lewis (Garden City, N. Y., 1964), 105.

30. Oct. 21,1807, Diary of Hiram Harwood (typescript), Bennington Historical Society, Bennington, Vt.; A Journal for the Years 1739–1803 by Samuel Lane of Stratham New Hampshire, ed. Charles J. Hanson (Concord, N. H., 1937), 29; "Mus Rusticus," SJC, Apr. 27, 1773; Crusius, Node, ch. 4.25; Lucius Junius Moderatus Columella, On Agriculture and Trees, trans. E. S. Forster and Edward H. Heffner (Cambridge, Mass., 1955), III, 57.

31. Nov. 4, 1777, Sanger, Journal, 165, passim; SAS, XVII, 597; July 1, 1767, Cole, Diary, 236; May 7,1665, James M. Rosenheim, ed., The Notebook of Robert Doughty, 1662–1665 (Aberystwyth, Wales, 1989), 54.

32. Aug. 27, 1691, H. J. Morehouse and C. A Hulbert, eds., Extracts from the Diary of the Rev. Robert Meeke (London, 1874), 43; Awnsham Churchill, comp., A Collection of Voyages and Travels… (London, 1746), VI, 729; Journal of James Robertson, 1767, 118, Manuscripts, National Library of Scotland, Edinburgh; William W. Hagen, Ordinary Prussians: Brandenburg, Junkers and Villagers (1500–1840) (Cambridge, 2002), 120.

33. John Brown, Mar. 19, 1777, Assi 45/33/10c; Augustin Gallo, Secrets de la Vraye Agriculture… (Paris, 1572), 16; Tusser, Good Husbandrie, ed. Payne and Herrtage, 177; Charles Stevens and John Liébault, comps., Maison Rustique, or, the Countrey Farme, trans. Richard Surflet (London, 1616), 22.