Яков Рецкер - Учебное пособие по переводу с английского языка на русский

Английские синтаксические комплексы (герундиальный, причастный, инфинитивный) оформляются как простые предложения, а в переводе, как правило, превращаются в сложноподчиненное или сложносочиненное предложение, т.е. подвергаются внутреннему членению. Примеры такого членения можно найти в разделе о переводе синтаксических комплексов (§ 20). С логической точки зрения английское предложение часто подвергается внешнему членению в тех случаях, когда оно содержит два или более самостоятельных, слабо связанных между собой сообщения, которые по-русски логичней передать отдельно.

From the example of people who lived in one of the finest climate but failed to make progress, let us turn to a case of quite the opposite type. (A. Huntington, Civilisation and Climate )

Этот пример показывает, что, хотя люди и жили в условиях прекраснейшего климата, они не смогли продвинуться вперед в своем развитии. Рассмотрим теперь совершенно противоположный случай.

Попробуйте перевести это предложение без членения. Получится нечто неудобопроизносимое: «От примера, показывающего, что, хотя люди жили… перейдем теперь к совершенно противоположному примеру». Ни логика, ни естественное построение русской фразы не потерпят такого хода мысли. Ведь первая часть английского предложения подводит итог предшествующему изложению, а вторая служит переходом к дальнейшему.

Стилю английской газеты присуще начинать информационное сообщение с развернутого предложения, призванного сразу же дать читателю как можно больше сведений о предмете статьи. Для наших газет это не характерно, и в переводе такие английские предложения чаще всего подвергаются членению. Например:

Polling booths closed in most of France at 6 p.m. this evening after a heavy poll of 75 to 80 per cent of the electorate in the first round of the general election. (Morning Star)

По существу в этой фразе два сообщения, которые следует в переводе разделить:

Сегодня в 6 часов вечера почти на всей территории Франции закончился первый тур всеобщих выборов. В выборах участвовало от 75 до 80 процентов избирателей, что считается высоким показателем активности.

§ 50. Объединяются предложения при переводе чаще всего в тех случаях, когда между смежными английскими предложениями существует тесная смысловая связь и когда их слияние в одно целое логически оправдано. Наглядным примером может служить перевод следующих предложений из упомянутой книги Хантингтона «Цивилизация и климат»:

The third center extended widely. Its eastern limit was on the western border of Persia. It embraced Mesopotamia, Syria, Egypt, and Greece, and on its flanks included surrounding countries such as Asia Minor.

Обширная территория третьего климатического центра охватывала Месопотамию, Сирию, Египет и Грецию и вместе с примыкающими к этому району странами, такими, как Малая Азия, простиралась на восток до самой Персии.

Все три английских предложения объединены мыслью о большой протяженности третьего центра и могут быть переданы в переводе единым предложением.

И членение, и объединение предложений нередко диктуется стилистическими соображениями, и в таких случаях оно должно соответствовать требованиям передачи стиля подлинника. Однако этот вопрос выходит за рамки данного пособия.

Следующее тренировочное задание по переводу является факультативным. Важнейшие с точки зрения перевода явления в этом тексте (синтаксические комплексы) включены в виде примеров в соответствующий раздел пособия (см. § 20).

Albert Einstein, summarizing the condition of our land and the world in 1939, says: “The production and distribution of commodities is entirely unorganized so that everyone must live in fear of being eliminated from the economic cycle, in this way suffering from want of everything.” But take no notice of him — the man is an alien.

Verily it is said: “Man is born free and is everywhere in chains.” And all the chains (chain hotels, chain drugstores, chain oil stations, chain radio stations, chain bakeries, chain barber shops, chain movie theatres, chain newspapers, etc.) howling in chorus that “the American way” is for the government to stop interfering with them, so that — there can be no other motive — they can still further enslave the slaves.

Do not be deceived by the specious arguments offered by newspapers and magazines which are themselves a branch of the corporative interests. In the same year as the Declaration of Independence was accepted Adam Smith wrote: “Civil government is maintained for the defense of the rich against the poor.” That is just as essentially true for America as for any other country under this system, all the cant about “the American way” to the contrary notwithstanding: except that now the owners of our corporations are not content with a mere five hundred slaves. They require and have thousands each, even though they know not who or where they are. Indeed, since the first world war our great fortunes have doubled and redoubled until those with an income of one million or more a year make a large directory.

Is that the “American way” to mortgage the lives of American boys for the sake of extra billions from Europe and South America and the Far East when we are not making use of half what the good Lord gave us right here at home? Is following England on the path of world imperialism the American way?

What is American about the insane scramble of the old imperialists to become a World Power? Who wants to be a World Power? What ordinary, normal American?

Being a world power has done nothing for the people of England. See how they live now. See how little they have of material things, how little democracy.

The world power business is an obsession. For world power means millions bowing down to you. It means dictatorship in your subject countries and leads by quick stages to dictatorship at home. It means competition in armaments building and that means war. Armaments have never yet been built to rust in storerooms and never will be. Every wise man drew that conclusion from the first world war. Lord Grey of Fallodon, British Foreign Secretary from 1905 to 1915, wrote: “Great armaments lead inevitably to war. If there are armaments on one side, there must be armaments on other sides… The increase of armaments that is intended in each nation to produce consciousness of strength and a sense of security, does not produce these effects. On the contrary, it produces a consciousness of the strength of other nations and a sense of fear. Tear begets suspicion and distrust and evil imaginings of all sorts.”

A commonplace in the years following 1918. Forgotten now in the hysteria and panic of a new armaments race resulting from nothing but the interimperialist dog-fight to redivide the world. (Th. Dreiser America Is Worth Saving )

Hobart,Tuesday. Raging bush fires have turned Southern Tasmania into an inferno which has killed an estimated 50 people, destroyed whole townships, and is threatening Hobart itself, the State capital (population 120,000).

The State Governor has declared a state of emergency on the island, as thousands of fire-fighters battle to block the advance of the solid wall of flame.

At least 450 houses have been destroyed, including 60 in the suburbs of Hobart. Crops have been devastated, and hundreds of dead cattle and bush animals lie scattered across the countryside. Men driving their families out of the danger area found they were engaged in а race against death, with flames reaching out at them from all sides, and a blanket of smoke blotting out sun and sky. Most got though, but some did not.

City workers jammed public transport services in a frantic rush to got home as news of the fire danger in the suburbs reached them.

Tonight the sight of stunned families squatting in the street with a few meagre possessions round them is a frequent one in many suburbs.

The authorities fear that the final death toll may be much higher than the 50 estimated by police sо far.

In the mountainside suburb of Ferntree, 41. houses and a hotel were destroyed and all communications were cut off.

There were fears for the safety of the 150 residents but later it was learned they had been safely evacuated.

Four fire-fighters were burned to death as they tried to hold back the flames at Lenah Valley, another Hobart suburb.

An appeal was launched tonight for relief for the hundreds of refugees who have policed into relief centres here seeking accommodation, food and clothing.

Tonight the flames, fanned by treacherously changing winds of up to 70 miles an hour, were still rolling down 4,500 ft. Mount Wellington, which towers over Hobart. ( Morning Star, 1967)

1. For the Liberal Party to be treated as a serious organisation, there must be a great deal of money backing this remnant of a once powerful party, whose president is a director of 12 companies, some of them operating in British colonies. (Daily Worker)