Бессел ван дер Колк - Тело помнит все [Какую роль психологическая травма играет в жизни человека и какие техники помогают ее преодолеть]

1. Акупунктура и акупрессура широко применяются врачами, специализирующимися на психологической травме. Эффективность этих методов в лечении клинического ПТСР сейчас начинает систематически изучаться. M. Hollifeld, et al., “Acupuncture for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial”, Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 195, no. 6 (2007): 504–13. В исследования, где фМРТ применяется для измерения воздействия акупунктуры на участки мозга, связанные со страхом, было продемонстрировано, что акупунктура способствует быстрой регуляции этих участков мозга. K. K. Hui, et al., “The Integrated Response of the Human Cerebro-Cerebellar and Limbic Systems to Acupuncture Stimulation at ST 36 as Evidenced by fMRI”, NeuroImage 27 (2005): 479–96; J. Fang, et al., “The Salient Characteristics of the Central Effects of Acupuncture Needling: Limbic-Paralimbic-Neocortical Network Modulation”, Human Brain Mapping 30 (2009): 1196–206; D. Feinstein, “Rapid Treatment of PTSD: Why Psychological Exposure with Acupoint Tapping May Be Effective”, Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training 47, no. 3 (2010): 385–402; D. Church, et al., “Psychological Trauma Symptom Improvement in Veterans Using EFT (Emotional Freedom Technique): A Randomized Controlled Trial”, Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 201 (2013): 153–60; D. Church, G. Yount, and A. J. Brooks, “The Effect of Emotional Freedom Techniques (EFT) on Stress Biochemistry: A Randomized Controlled Trial”, Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 200 (2012): 891–96; R. P. Dhond, N. Kettner, and V. Napadow, “Neuroimaging Acupuncture Effects in the Human Brain”, Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 13 (2007): 603–16; K. K. Hui, et al., “Acupuncture Modulates the Limbic System and Subcortical Gray Structures of the Human Brain: Evidence from fMRI Studies in Normal Subjects”, Human Brain Mapping 9 (2000): 13–25.

2. M. Sack, J. W. Hopper, and F. Lamprecht, “Low Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia and Prolonged Psychophysiological Arousal in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Heart Rate Dynamics and Individual Differences in Arousal Regulation” , Biological Psychiatry 55, no. 3 (2004): 284–90. См. также: H. Cohen, et al., “Analysis of Heart Rate Variability in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Patients in Response to a Trauma-Related Reminder” , Biological Psychiatry 44, no. 10 (1998): 1054–59; H. Cohen, et al., “Long-Lasting Behavioral Effects of Juvenile Trauma in an Animal Model of PTSD Associated with a Failure of the Autonomic Nervous System to Recover”, European Neuropsychopharmacology 17, no. 6 (2007): 464–77; and H. Wahbeh and B. S. Oken, “Peak High-Frequency HRV and Peak Alpha Frequency Higher in PTSD”, Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback 38, no. 1 (2013): 57–69.

3. J. W. Hopper, et al., “Preliminary Evidence of Parasympathetic Influence on Basal Heart Rate in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder”, Journal of Psychosomatic Research 60, no. 1 (2006): 83–90.

4. Эксперименты Арье Шалев из медицинской школы Хадасса в Иерусалиме и Роджера Питмэна также это подтверждают: A. Y. Shalev, et al., “Auditory Startle Response in Trauma Survivors with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Prospective Study”, American Journal of Psychiatry 157, no. 2 (2000): 255–61; R. K. Pitman, et al., “Psychophysiological Assessment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Imagery in Vietnam Combat Veterans”, Archives of General Psychiatry 44, no. 11 (1987): 970–75; A. Y. Shalev, et al., “A Prospective Study of Heart Rate Response Following Trauma and the Subsequent Development of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder”, Archives of General Psychiatry 55, no. 6 (1998): 553–59.

5. P. Lehrer, Y. Sasaki, and Y. Saito, “Zazen and Cardiac Variability”, Psychosomatic Medicine 61, no. 6 (1999): 812–21. См. также: R. Sovik, “The Science of Breathing: The Yogic View”, Progress in Brain Research 122 (1999): 491–505; P. Philippot, G. Chapelle, and S. Blairy, “Respiratory Feedback in the Generation of Emotion”, Cognition & Emotion 16, no. 5 (2002): 605–27; A. Michalsen, et al., “Rapid Stress Reduction and Anxiolysis Among Distressed Women as a Consequence of a Tree-Month Intensive Yoga Program”, Medical Science Monitor 11, no. 12 (2005): 555–61; G. Kirkwood, et al., “Yoga for Anxiety: A Systematic Review of the Research Evidence”, British Journal of Sports Medicine 39 (2005): 884–91; K. Pilkington, et al., “Yoga for Depression: The Research Evidence”, Journal of Affective Disorders 89 (2005): 13–24; and P. Gerbarg and R. Brown, “Yoga: A Breath of Relief for Hurricane Katrina Refugees”, Current Psychiatry 4 (2005): 55–67.

6. B. Cuthbert, et al., “Strategies of Arousal Control: Biofeedback, Meditation, and Motivation”, Journal of Experimental Psychology 110 (1981): 518–46. См. также: S. B. S. Khalsa, “Yoga as a Therapeutic Intervention: A Bibliometric Analysis of Published Research Studies”, Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 48 (2004): 269–85; M. M. Delmonte, “Meditation as a Clinical Intervention Strategy: A Brief Review”, International Journal of Psychosomatics 33 (1986): 9–12; I. Becker, “Uses of Yoga in Psychiatry and Medicine”, in Complementary and Alternative Medicine and Psychiatry , vol. 19, ed. P. R. Muskin (Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, 2008); L. Bernardi, et al., “Slow Breathing Reduces Chemorefex Response to Hypoxia and Hypercapnia, and Increases Barorefex Sensitivity”, Journal of Hypertension 19, no. 12 (2001): 2221–29; R. P. Brown and P. L. Gerbarg, “Sudarshan Kriya Yogic Breathing in the Treatment of Stress, Anxiety, and Depression: Part I: Neurophysiologic Model”, Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 11 (2005): 189–201; R. P. Brown and P. L. Gerbarg, “Sudarshan Kriya Yogic Breathing in the Treatment of Stress, Anxiety, and Depression: Part II: Clinical Applications and Guidelines”, Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 11 (2005): 711–17; C. C. Streeter, et al., “Yoga Asana Sessions Increase Brain GABA Levels: A Pilot Study”, Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 13 (2007): 419–26; and C. C. Streeter, et al., “Effects of Yoga Versus Walking on Mood, Anxiety, and Brain GABA Levels: A Randomized Con-trolled MRS Study”, Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 16 (2010): 1145–52.

7. Были опубликованы десятки научных статей, демонстрирующих положительные эффекты от йоги при различных болезнях. Вот лишь некоторые примеры: S. B. Khalsa, “Yoga as a Therapeutic Intervention”; P. Grossman, et al., “Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction and Health Benefits: A Meta-Analysis”, Journal of Psychosomatic Research 57 (2004): 35–43; K. Sherman, et al., “Comparing Yoga, Exercise, and a Self-Care Book for Chronic Low Back Pain: A Randomized, Controlled Trial”, Annals of Internal Medicine 143 (2005): 849–56; K. A. Williams, et al., “Effect of Iyengar Yoga Therapy for Chronic Low Back Pain”, Pain 115 (2005): 107–17; R. B. Saper, et al., “Yoga for Chronic Low Back Pain in a Predominantly Minority Population: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial”, Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine 15 (2009): 18–27; J. W. Carson, et al., “Yoga for Women with Metastatic Breast Cancer: Results from a Pilot Study”, Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 33 (2007): 331–41.

8. B. A. van der Kolk, et al., “Yoga as an Adjunctive Therapy for PTSD”, Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 75, no. 6 (June 2014): 559–65.

9. Калифорнийская компания HeartMath, разработала превосходные устройства и компьютерные игры, которые одновременно увлекательные и эффективные в улучшении ВСР. На данный момент никто не исследовал, способны ли простые устройства, вроде разработанных HeartMath, приводить к уменьшению симптомов ПТСР, однако это вполне вероятно (См. www.heart-math.org.)

10. На момент написания книги в iTunes были найдены двадцать четыре приложения, которые якобы помогают увеличить ВСР, такие как emWave, HeartMath и GPS4Soul.

11. B. A. van der Kolk, “Clinical Implications of Neuroscience Research in PTSD”, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1071, no. 1 (2006): 277–93.

12. S. Telles, et al., “Alterations of Auditory Middle Latency Evoked Potentials During Yogic Consciously Regulated Breathing and Attentive State of Mind”, International Journal of Psychophysiology 14, no. 3 (1993): 189–98. См. также: P. L. Gerbarg, “Yoga and Neuro-Psychoanalysis”, in Bodies in Treatment: The Unspoken Dimension , ed. Frances Sommer Anderson (New York: Analytic Press, 2008), 127–50.

13. D. Emerson and E. Hopper, Overcoming Trauma Trough Yoga: Reclaiming Your Body (Berkeley, CA: North Atlantic Books, 2011).

14. A. Damasio, The Feeling of What Happens: Body and Emotion in the Making of Consciousness (New York: Harcourt, 1999).

15. «Интероцепция» – это новый научный термин для этой базовой способности самовосприятия. Исследования травмированных людей с применением методов нейровизуализации многократно показывали наличие проблем в областях мозга, связанных с физическим самовосприятием, в особенности в так называемом островке. J. W. Hopper, et al., “Neural Correlates of Reexperiencing, Avoidance, and Dissociation in PTSD: Symptom Dimensions and Emotion Dysregulation in Responses to Script-Driven Trauma Imagery”, Journal of Traumatic Stress 20, no. 5 (2007): 713–25. См. также: I. A. Strigo, et al., “Neural Correlates of Altered Pain Response in Women with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder from Intimate Partner Violence” , Biological Psychiatry 68, no. 5 (2010): 442–50; G. A. Fonzo, et al., “Exaggerated and Disconnected Insular-Amygdalar Blood Oxygenation Level-Dependent Response to Treat-Related Emotional Faces in Women with Intimate-Partner Violence Posttraumatic Stress Disorder” , Biological Psychiatry 68, no. 5 (2010): 433–41; P. A. Frewen, et al., “Social Emotions and Emotional Valence During Imagery in Women with PTSD: Affective and Neural Correlates”, Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy 2, no. 2 (2010): 145–57; K. Felmingham, et al., “Dissociative Responses to Conscious and Nonconscious Fear Impact Underlying Brain Function in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder”, Psychological Medicine 38, no. 12 (2008): 1771–80; A. N. Simmons, et al., “Functional Activation and Neural Networks in Women with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Related to Intimate Partner Violence” , Biological Psychiatry 64, no. 8 (2008): 681–90; R. J. L. Lindauer, et al., “Effects of Psychotherapy on Regional Cerebral Blood Flow During Trauma Imagery in Patients with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial”, Psychological Medicine 38, no. 4 (2008): 543–54 and A. Etkin and T. D. Wager, “Functional Neuroimaging of Anxiety: A Meta-Analysis of Emotional Processing in PTSD, Social Anxiety Disorder, and Specific Phobia”, American Journal of Psychiatry 164, no. 10 (2007): 1476–88.