Владимир Аракин - Практический курс английского языка 3 курс [calibre 2.43.0]

considerable enough to make the mixture of the two variants sound strange and unnatural. A student of English should bear in mind

that different words are used for the same objects, such as can, candy, truck, mailbox, subwayinstead of tin, sweets, lorry, pillar-box(or

letter-box), underground.

3. Iowa['aiaua] or ['aiawaj: a north central state of the USA. The noun is derived from the name of an Indian tribe. Quite a

number of states, towns, rivers and the like in America are named by Indian words, e. g. Massachusetts, Illinois, Ohio, Kansas,

Mississippi, Missouri, Michigan.

4. rot(s7.): foolish remarks or ideas.

5. bosh (si): empty talk, nonsense.

6. umph[Amf]: an inteijection expressing uncertainty or suspicion.

7. poppycock:foolish nonsense.

8. by gum (dial.): by God.

9. kinda:the spelling fixes contraction of the preposition 'of and its assimilation with the preceding noun which is a characteristic

trait of American pronunciation.

10. elfish:(becoming rare) (of people or behaviour) having the quality or habit of playing tricks on people like an elf;

mischievous.

11. colored:the American spelling is somewhat simpler than its British counterpart. The suffix -our is spelled -or.

12. the Metropolitan Museum of Art:the leading museum in America, was founded in 1870. Its collections cover a period of 5,000

years, representing the cultures of the Ancient world and Near and Far East as well as the arts of Europe and America. Among the

collections are the paintings, which include oils, pastels, water-colours, miniatures and drawings. There are over 5,000 exhibits

13. among which are the works of Italian, Spanish, Dutch, Flemish, German, French , English and American artists.

14. the Museum of Modern Art:a repository of art peculiar to the twentieth century, was opened in 1929. It has several

departments among which are the department of architecture and design, the department of painting and sculpture, the department of

photography.

15. gob (si.): a mass of smth. sticky.

16. admonish:to scold or warn gently.

ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY Vocabulary Notes

1. relievevf 1)to lessen or remove (pain or distress), e. g. The remedy relieved his pain at once. Nothing could relieve her anxiety,

to relieve one's feelingsto make oneself feel better by using strong language, shedding tears, etc., e. g. She burst out crying and that

relieved her feelings, to feel relieved(to hear or at hearing, to see or at the sight of, to know smth.), e. g. They felt relieved to hear that

he was safe. syn. ease, as to ease the pain of a wound; to ease a person's anxiety, e. g. This medicine will ease the pain quickly. 2) to take another's place on duty, as to relieve a sentry; 3) to take smth. from a person, e. g. Let me relieve you of your bag.

relief n lessening or ending of pain, anxiety, etc., as to sigh with relief; to give (to bring) relief (no relief, some relief) to smb., e. g.

The medicine brought (gave) him immediate relief. Tears brought her no relief. What a relief! syn. comfort,e. g. The news that her son

was getting well and strong brought great comfort to her.

2. art n 1) creation of beautifil things, as a work of art; art-lover; art critic; genuine art; pretence of art; graphic art; applied art;

folk art; the Fine Arts (painting, music, sculpture), e. g. I am interested in the new trends in art. 2) pi. the Humanities, e. g. History and literature are among the arts. Bachelor (Master) of Arts (a university degree); 3) skill, craft, e. g. The making of such rafts has

become a lost art.

artist n a person who practises one of the Fine Arts, esp. paintings, as a professional artist, amateur artist, e. g. Reynolds was the most prominent artist of his day.

artistic adj done with skill and good taste, as artistic skill; artistic taste; artistic person, e. g. Gainsborough was essentially an artistic person.

artificial adj 1)not natural, as artificial flowers (light, silk, etc.), e. g. Andrew Manson had to use artificial respiration to revive the baby. 2) not genuine or sincere, e. g. Her smile is so artificial that I don't trust her.

3. draw vt/i 1) to pull or cause to move from one place to another, e. g. Draw your chair nearer to the table. 2) to pull, to take out,

e. g. He put his hand in his pocket and drew out a ring. 3) to make smb. talk esp. one who is unwilling to talk, e. g. It's very difficult to draw him out. 4) to attract, e. g. The exhibition is sure to draw crowds. 5) to get; to obtain, er g. He draws his inspiration from

nature. They drew different conclusions from the same facts. 6) to make lines on paper, as to draw well; to draw in pencil; to draw a

bunch of flowers, e. g. He drew a picture of his niece. I can draw a map of the area for you, 7) to move or come towards, e. g. The

concert season is drawing to a close.

draw n something that attracts attention, e. g. The new play proved a great draw.

drawing n the art of making pictures; a picture, e. g. Turner left a vast mass of work, oil paintings, water-colours and drawings.

4. picture n 1) painting, drawing, sketch, as a picture gallery; in the foreground (background) of the picture, e. g. There is nothing of unusual interest in the subject matter of the picture. Every detail in the picture plays its part in the composition, syn. piece, as a

flower piece, a conversation piece. 2) photograph, e. g. The picture I took of you last week turned out very well. 3) a perfect type, an

embodiment, e. g. You look the picture of health. 4) a film, e. g. I like to see a good picture once in a while.

picture vt 1) to make a picture, describe in words, e. g. The novel pictures life in Russia before the Revolution. 2) to imagine, e. g.

I can't quite picture you as a teacher.

depict vt to make a picture of, e. g. Perov liked to depict the scenes and types of common life. syn. represent, portray, e. g. The picture represented two Italian women talking. Turner tried to portray the mood of the sea.

picturesque adj giving vivid impression of nature or reality; romantic, e. g. I wonder who lives in that picturesque cottage over

there.

5. paint n, e. g. Constable sometimes used a palette knife to apply the paint instead of a brush.

paint vt/i 1) to put paint on, e. g. They painted the door white. 2) to make a picture by using paint, as to paint from nature, e. g.

Ceremonial portraits were painted according to formula. Turner excelled in painting marine subjects. 3) to describe vividly in words,

e. g. You are painting the situation too dark.

painter n an artist, as painter of battle-pieces, genre painter, landscape painter, portrait painter.

paintingn 1) the act, art or occupation of laying on colours, e. g. Painting has become his world. 2) a painted picture, as an oil

paintings, still life paintings, a collection of paintings, an exquisite piece of painting, syn. canvas,e. g. An oil-painting caught and held him ... he forgot his awkward walk and came closer to the painting, very close. The beauty faded out of the canvas.

6. colour n 1) as bright (dark, rich, cool, warm, dull, faded) colours, e, g. The dancers wore tight-fitting dresses of richly glowing colours, colour schemecombination of colours, e. g. Gainsborough's pictures are painted in clear and transparent tone, in a colour

scheme where blue and green predominate. 2) materials used by painters, e. g. Turner constantly used water-colour for immediate

studies from nature, to paint smth. in (dark) bright coloursto describe smth. (un) favourably, e. g. The headmaster painted the school's

future in bright colours. 3) the red or

pink in the cheeks, e. g. She has very little colour today, off colournot feeling well; in low spirits, e. g. He's been feeling rather off colour lately.

colour vt/i 1)to become coloured, e. g. The leaves have begun to colour. 2) (fig.) to change in some way, to make a description more exciting, e. g. News is often coloured in newspapers

coloured adj having colour, as cream-coloured; flesh-coloured; a coloured print; a multicoloured handkerchief, e. g. I'll make

myself one white and one coloured dress for the summer. When they were wet the pebbles were multicoloured and beautiful.

colourless adj without colour; pale; (fig.) without interest or character, as a colourless story (person); ant. colourful.

colouring n style in which the thing is coloured, as gaudy (subtle) colouring, e. g. His drawing is good but his colouring is poor.

colourist n an artist whose works are characterized by beauty of colour, e. g. As a colourist Gainsborough had few rivals among

English painters.

7. doubt n uncertainty of mind; lack of certainty; a state of uncertainty, e. g. There is (there can be) no (not much, some, great,

slight) doubt about it. I have no (not much, little, not the slightest) doubt that he will come. I have doubts as to his intentions, no

doubtcertainly, e. g. She will no doubt cope with the work.

doubt vt/i to be uncertain, as to doubt the truth of smth. (the facts, smb.'s ability to do smth., etc.), e. g. Do you doubt his honesty? to doubt if (whether) smth. is correct (true, wrong, smb. will do smth.),e. g. I doubt whether he will come, not to doubt that,e. g. I don't doubt that he will come. Do you doubt that he will come?

doubtful adj uncertain; not definite; hesitating, e. g. Tha weather ' looks very doubtful. He's a doubtful character, to be (feel)

doubtful as to,e. g. I'm doubtful as to what I ought to do.

8. select vt to pick out, esp. for its superior qualities, as to select a gift (a suitable person, the best singers, the most typical cases, the best samples, etc.), e. g. They selected a site for the monument, syn. choose, pick,e. g. The small girl chose the biggest apple in the dish. Ipicked this way because it was the shortest.