Владимир Аракин - Практический курс английского языка 1 курс

смысловой законченности. Например:

I preVfer to 'speak х Spanish, | as I Vknow it 'much ЪеКег than xEnglish. В

главном предложении выражена основная мысль, придаточное предложение

представляет собой дополнительную мысль.

I preVfer to 'speak , Spanish, | as I Vknow it 'much 'better than ^English.

Главное предложение воспринимается незаконченным без разъяснения,

сделанного в придаточном предложении.

Однако в целом ряде случаев сложноподчиненные предложения образуют

одну синтагму. Например: I V don't 'think he is xright.

Придаточное предложение, предшествующее главному, как правило, не

выражает смысловой законченности и произносится восходящим тоном.

Например:

When it -> gets ,dark | V Moscow 'looks especially beautifulI

becauseof its -> splendid illuminations.

При образовании наречий прибавлением к прилагательному суффикса

-1у,буква у меняется на i:easy — easily, happy — happily, gay—gaily.

Memory Work:

Roadways

By John Masefield

138

One road leads to London, One road runs to Wales,

My road leads me seawards To the white dipping sails.

One road leads to the river As it goes singing slow. My road leads to shipping

Where the bronzed sailors go.

My road calls me, lures me West, east, south and north,

Most roads lead men homewards My road leads me forth.

*

EXERCISES

I. Study Substitution Table No. 1 and compose as many sentences as

you can.

II. Copy and transcribe the following words. Mark primary and secondary stresses

and read the words aloud:

anniversary, demonstration, revolution, illumination, the Mississippi,

nationality, Japanese, explanation, celebration, invitation, assimilation,

conversation, congratulation, palatalization.

III.

a) The material below is to be prepared for reading. Mark the stresses and tunes.

Concentrate your attention on sounds, b) Let your fellow-student read the exercise aloud

for you to detect his possible errors in sounds. Tell him what must be done to eliminate

them:

[э:] 1. George was born in August.

2. I saw more than forty horses.

3. Her naughty daughter Maud is at fault.

2. Of all the saws I ever saw, I never saw a saw as that saw saws.

[c&] 1. Julius was jealous.

2. Jane, Jim and George Jones.

3. John, put the orange juice into the frige.

4. A journalist made a journey over Japan.

IV. Before you start working at the text practise the sounds in the following words

and word combinations:

1. [e] —November, eleventh, seventh, celebrate, gets,

guests, red, let, French, pen-friends, fellow, members;

[a:] — part, march, dark, park, France, party, mark;

[J] — revolution, demonstration, illuminations, English, Spanish;

[o:] — Warsaw, small, North.

2. a) Alveolars replaced by dentals: i^Jhe eleventh, on^the

139

seventh, iswthe greatest, injthe parks, and^the guests, onJ;his day, inj;he

history, i^Jthe birthday.

b) Loss of plosion: tak^part, whatj:ountry, goodjtime.

c) No voicing before voiced consonants: thi^jiay, get^jlark, muchjsetter.

d) No glottal stop: thewanniversary, thewillumination, from^all, let

me^introduce you, better than^English, butwIwunderstand, nearlyweverything,

Lucy^andwI, common.

V. a) Listen to the dialogue. Mark the stresses and tunes, b) Practise the dialogue for

test reading. Listen to it very carefully until you can say it in exactly the same way, c)

Memorize and dramatize it.

V. Give the degrees of comparison of the following adverbs and transcribe them:

slowly, fast, hard, badly, much, well, early, far, near, often, late, quietly, easily,

little, warmly, seriously, comfortably, quickly. ,

VII.

a) Put the adverbs in brackets in the correct place:

1. (never) Alex is late for his classes. 2. (usually) He has dinner at two o'clock.

3. (seldom) I go to bed before twelve o'clock. 4. (often) I speak Spanish with my

mother, 5. (always) He works in the lab after his lessons. 6. (still) Do you think

that she is ill? 7. (already) I think she is at home. 8. (sometimes) I see him in the

library.

b) Form sentences of your own using the same adverbs.

VIII. Answer the following questions:

1. What traditional holidays in our country do you know? 2. How do you

usually see in the New Year? 3. Is there a New-Year tree at your place at that

time? 4. Where can you see the biggest and the most beautiful New-Year tree in

Moscow? 5. When do we celebrate Mother's Day? 6. How do you mark this day

in your family? 7. Is Victory Day a traditional holiday only in our country or is it

an international holiday? 8. How do we celebrate Victory Day in our country? 9.

How do people in other countries mark it? 10. Which is the traditional holiday of

teachers in our country? 11. When is your birthday? 12. Do you always invite

guests to your birthday party? 13. There is a tradition in some countries to put

candles on the birthday cake so that people can see how old you are. How do you

like this tradition? 14. Do you put candles on your birthday cake? Why? *

IX.

Put the adjectives in brackets in the required degree of comparb

son:

i

140

1. Asia is (large) than Australia. 2. The Volga is (short) than the Mississippi. 3.

Mary is a (good) student than Lucy. 4. There are (few) mistakes in my dictation

than in yours. 5. This garden is the (beautiful) in our town. 6. The Arctic Ocean is

(cold) than the Indian Ocean. 7. Chines^ is (difficult) than English. 8. Spanish is

(easy) than German. 9. Let's go to the (far) corner of the park. That is the (quiet)

place here.

X. Some adverbs have the same form as their corresponding adjectives. Make up

sentences of your own using the words below (first as adjectives, then as adverbs).

M o d e l : It's a bad mistake. She feels bad today, fast, early, late, hard, long,

far, low, well, quick.

XI. The following pairs of adverbs are different iu meaning. Make Up sentences of

your own to show the difference:

hard — hardly, near — nearly, close — closely.

XII.

Speak on your favourite holidays.

XIII.

Fill in prepositions if necessary:

1. When we go ... foreign countries we see and learn a lot ... things. 2. She says

she likes to go ... the Caucasus ... winter. 3. Japan is a country ... the western

part ... the Pacific Ocean. It consists ... many islands, large and small. Some ...

them are only a few miles long. 4. The Crimea is ... the South ... our country. 5.

My sister lives ... the Far East. 6. The Baltic Sea is ... the West. 7. Show us the

longest river ... Russia ... the map. 8. Slovakia is ... the centre ... Europe. 9. St.

Petersburg is ... the north-west ... Moscow. 10. Thousands ... students ... all

nationalities study ... the institutes ... our country. 11. One ... the students ... our

group is ... Rumania. 12. What's the capital ... Rumania? 13. What language do

they speak ... Bulgaria.

XIV.

Fill in the definite or indefinite article if necessary:

1. ... Russia occupies ... eastern half of ... Europe and ... northern third ... of

Asia. 2. ... climate of ... northern part of ... Russia is severe. 3. In ... European part

of ... Russia ... summer is warm and sunny. 4. This winter is ... true Russian winter

with hard frosts. 5. It is warm all ... year round in ... Crimea and ... Caucasus. 6. ...

Commonwealth of Independent States is one of ... biggest countries of ... whole

world. 7. Tbilisi is ... capital of ... Georgia. 8. I want to go to ... Alma-Ata some

day. 9. ... best vway to know and understand ... people of other countries is to meet

them in their own homes. 10. Is Australia ... island or ... continent? 11. ... Black

Sea is in ... South. 12. There are six continents in ... world, aren't there? 13. France

is to ... northwest of Italy.

141

XV.

Let the members of the class ask and answer questions as in

the models. Give a short answer and add a sentence of your own using

adverbs in the comparative and the superlative degree.

M o d e l 1 : Does she speak Spanish more fluently than her friend? Oh yes,

she does. Of all the students in our group she speaks most fluently.

. M o d e l 2 : He doesn't go to bed later than you, does he? No, he doesn't. He

goes to bed earliest of all, (or. But he does. He goes to bed latest of all.)

XVI.

Form questions to the following statements:

1. Russia is a very large country. 2. There are more than 100 nationalities in

the CIS. 3. In the North of our country winter is very cold. 4. There are a lot of

rivers and lakes in the North of Russia.

XVII. Answer the following questions:

1. How many oceans can you see on the map? What are they? 2. Is the Pacific

the largest ocean in the world ? 3. Which is the largest ocean in the world? 4. Does

the Pacific Ocean wash Western Europe? 5. Which ocean washes Western Europe?

6. Which ocean washes the northern part of Europe? 7. Which ocean washes

Eastern Asia? 8. What two American continents do you know? 9. What other

continents do you know? 10. Is Australia a continent or an island? 11. Is Ireland an

island or a continent? 12. The Alps are higher than the Urals, aren't they? 13. What

are the highest mountains in Europe? 14. The Mississippi is the longest river in the

world, isn't it? 15. Is the Thames as long as the Mississippi? 16. Which is the

longest river in the world? 17. Is the Black Sea in the South? 18. Is the Baltic Sea

in the South too? Where is it? 19. Is the White Sea in the North or in the South?

20. Is the United States in North or in South America? 21. Is Japan in the .West or

in the East? 22. Is Italy in the South or in the North of Europe? 23. What is the

capital of Bulgaria (Hungary, Rumania) ? 24. What language do the Spaniards (the

Japanese) speak?

XVIII.

Look at the map of the world, show and name all the continents, oceans,

seas, countries and other geographical names you know.

XVIII. Make up short dialogues on the topic: "At the Map of the World". Use