Карен Армстронг - Поля крови. Религия и история насилия

Предание, изложенное в «Мутир», а затем переданное Шамсом ад-Дином Суюти: см.: Guy Le Strange, Palestine under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from AD 650 to 1500 (London, 1890), pp. 139–43; Tabari, Tarikh ar-Rasul wa’l Muluk , 1:2405 in Moshe Gil, A History of Palestine, 634–1099 , trans. Ethel Broido (Cambridge, 1992), pp. 70–72, 143–48, 636–38

«Книга Заповедей», цитируемая в: Gil, History , p. 69–70

Михаил Сириец, Хроника , 3.226. Цит. по: Joshua Prawer, The Latin Kingdom in Jerusalem: European Colonialism in the Middle Ages (London, 1972), p. 216

Peter Brown, The Rise of Western Christendom: Triumph and Diversity, AD 200–1000 (Oxford and Malden, Mass., 1996), p. 185; Bonner, Jihad in Islamic History , p. 56

Bonner, Jihad in Islamic History , pp. 64–89; 168–69

David Cook, Understanding Jihad (Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, 2005), pp. 22–24

Ibid., pp. 13–19; Bonner, Jihad in Islamic History , pp. 46–54; Firestone, Jihad , pp. 93–99

Jan Wensinck, Concordance et indices de la tradition musulmane , 5 vols (Leiden, 1992), 1, 994

Ibid., 5, 298

Al-Hindi, Kanz (Beirut, 1989), 4, p. 282, no. 10,500; Cook, Understanding Jihad , p. 18

Ibn Abi Asim, Jihad (Medina, 1986), 1, pp. 140–41, no. 11

Wensinck, Concordance , 2.212; S. Bashear, ‘Apocalyptic and Other Materials on Early Muslim – Byzantine Wars’, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society , Series 3, 1 (1991)

Wensinck, Concordance , 4.344; Bonner, Jihad in Islamic History , p. 51

Wensinck, Concordance , 2.312

Cook, Understanding Jihad , pp. 23–25

Ibn al-Mubarak, Kitab al-Jihad (Beirut, 1971), pp. 89–90; no. 105; Cook, Understanding Jihad , p. 23

Abu Daud, Sunan III, p. 4; no. 2484

Коран 3:157, 167

Abd al-Wahhab Abd al-Latif, ed., Al-jami al-sahih , 5 vols (Beirut, n. d.), 106, no. 1712 in David Cook, ‘Jihad and Martyrdom in Islamic History’, in Andrew R. Murphy, ed., The Blackwell Companion to Religion and Violence (Chichester, 2011), pp. 283–84

Ibn al-Mubarak, Kitab al-Jihad , pp. 63–64, no. 64 in Cook, Understanding Jihad , p. 26

Bonner, Jihad in Islamic History , pp. 119–20

Ibid., pp. 125–26; Marshall G. S. Hodgson, The Venture of Islam: Conscience and History in a World Civilisation , 3 vols (Chicago and London, 1974), 1, p. 216; John L. Esposito, Unholy War: Terror in the Name of Islam (Oxford, 2002), pp. 41–42

Al-Azmeh, Muslim Kingship , pp. 68–69. Омейяды научились этому у арабской династии Лахмидов, которые были некогда клиентами Персии. см.: также Timothy H. Parsons, The Rule of Empires: Those Who Built Them, Those Who Endured Them, and Why They Always Fail (Oxford, 2010), pp. 79–80

Peter Brown, The World of Late Antiquity, AD 150–750 (London, 1971, 1989), pp. 201–02

Michael Bonner, Aristocratic Violence and Holy War: Studies in the Jihad and the Arab – Byzantine Frontier (New Haven, 1996), pp. 99–106

Абу Нувас, Диван , 452, 641; см.: Bonner, Jihad in Islamic History , p. 129

Bonner, Jihad in Islamic History , pp. 127–31

Ibid., pp. 99–110

Peter Partner, God of Battles: Holy Wars of Christianity and Islam (London, 1997), p. 51

Ср. Ibn al-Mubarak, Kitab al-Jihad , p. 143, no. 141; Al Bayhagi, Zuhd (Beirut, n. d.), p. 165, no. 273 in Cook, Understanding Jihad , p. 35

Parsons, Rule of Empires , p. 77; Bonner, Jihad in Islamic History , p. 89; Hodgson, Venture of Islam , 1. p. 305

Aziz Al-Azmeh, Muslim Kingship: Power and the Sacred in Muslim Christian and Pagan Politics (London and New York, 1997), p. 239; Hodgson, Venture of Islam , 1, pp. 444–45

Hodgson, Venture of Islam , 1, pp. 315–54

Ibid., p. 317; Bonner, Jihad in Islamic History , pp. 92–93; Cook, Understanding Jihad , p. 21

Hodgson, Venture of Islam , 1, p. 323

Сунниты формируют большинство, выстраивая свою жизнь на основе «обычая» (сунны) Пророка

Название «Фатимиды» связано с тем, что исмаилиты, подобно всем шиитам, почитали Фатиму, дочь Пророка, жену Али и мать Хусейна

Bernard Lewis, The Assassins (London, 1967); Edwin Burman, The Assassins: Holy Killers of Islam (London, 1987)

H. E. J. Cowdrey, ‘Pope Gregory VII’s “Crusading” Plans of 1074’, in B. Z. Kedar, H. E. Mayer and R. C. Smail, eds, Outremer (Jerusalem, 1982)

Jonathan Riley-Smith, The First Crusade and the Idea of Crusading (London, 1986), pp. 17–22

Joseph R. Strager, ‘Feudalism in Western Europe’, in Rushton Coulborn, ed., Feudalism in History (Hamden, Conn., 1965), p. 21; Michael Gaddis, There is No Crime for Those Who Have Christ: Religious Violence in the Christian Roman Empire (Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, 2005), pp. 334–35; John Keegan, A History of Warfare (London, 1993), pp. 283, 289

Peter Brown, The World of Late Antiquity, AD 150–750 (London, 1989), p. 134

J. M. Wallace-Hadrill, The Frankish Church (Oxford, 1983), pp. 187, 245

Peter Brown, The Rise of Western Christendom: Triumph and Diversity, AD 200–1000 (Oxford and Malden, Mass., 1996), pp. 254–57

Ibid., pp. 276–302

Einard, ‘Life of Charlemagne’, in Lewis Thorpe, trans., Two Lives of Charlemagne (Harmondsworth, UK, 1969), p. 67

Karl F. Morrison, Tradition and Authority in the Western Church, 300–1140 (Princeton, 1969), p. 378

Rosamund McKitterick, The Frankish Kingdoms under the Carolingians, 751–987 (London and New York, 1983), p. 62

Brown, World of Late Antiquity , pp. 134–35

Алкуин, Письмо 174; см.: R. W. Southern, Western Society and the Church in the Middle Ages (Harmondsworth, UK, 1970), p. 32

Строго говоря, это письмо написал за него Алкуин. См.: Алкуин, Письмо 93; Wallace-Hadrill, Frankish Church , p. 186

Brown, Rise of Western Christendom , p. 281

Talal Asad, ‘On Discipline and Humility in Medieval Christian Monasticism’, in Genealogies of Religion: Discipline and Reasons of Power in Christianity and Islam (Baltimore and London, 1993), p. 148

Ibid., pp. 130–34

Southern, Western Society and the Church , pp. 217–24

Georges Duby, ‘The Origins of a System of Social Classification’, in The Chivalrous Society , trans. Cynthia Postan (London, 1977), p. 91

Georges Duby, ‘The Origins of Knighthood’, in ibid., p. 165

Основополагающая хартия короля Эдгара для нового собора (Винчестер); см.: Southern, Western Society and the Church , pp. 224–25

Peter Brown, The World of Late Antiquity, AD 150–750 (London, 1989 ed.), pp. 86–87

Brown, Rise of Western Christendom , p. 301

Georges Duby, The Three Orders: Feudal Society Imagined , trans. Arthur Goldhammer (London, 1980), p. 151; Riley-Smith, First Crusade , p. 3

Marc Bloch, Feudal Society , trans. L. A. Manyon (London, 1961), pp. 296, 298

Georges Duby, The Early Growth of the European Economy: Warriors and Peasants from the Seventh to the Twelfth Century , trans. Howard B. Clarke (Ithaca, NY, 1974), p. 49

Duby, ‘Origins of a System of Social Classification, ’ pp. 91–92

Первая известная нам формулировка этой системы содержится в поэме Адельберона Ланского (ок. 1028–1030 гг.) и в «Деяниях епископов Камбре» Герарда Камбрейского (ок. 1025 г.). Однако она могла возникнуть и раньше: см.: Duby, ‘Origins of Knighthood’, p. 165

Епископ Мербад Реннский; см.: J. P. Migne, ed., Patrologia Latina (PL) (Paris 1844–64), 1971, 1483–34; ср.: PL, 162, 1058–59; R. I. Moore, The Formation of a Persecuting Society: Power and Deviance in Western Europe, 950–1250 (Oxford, 1987), p. 102

Maurice Keen, Chivalry (New Haven and London, 1984), pp. 46–47

Thomas Head and Richard Landes, eds, The Peace of God: Social Justice and Religious Response in France around the Year 1000 (Ithaca, NY, 1992); Tomaz Mastnak, Crusading Peace: Christendom, the Muslim World and Western Political Order (Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, 2002), pp. 1–18; Duby, Chivalrous Society , pp. 126–31; H. E. J. Cowdrey, ‘The Peace and the Truce of God in the Eleventh Century’, Past and Present , 46 (1970)