А. Роджер Экерч - На исходе дня. История ночи

32. Legg, Low-Life, 4; John Ashton, comp., Modern Street Ballads (New York, 1968), 51; Stevenson, ed., Proverbs, 280; Lynne Lamberg, Bodyrhythms: Chronobiology and Peak Performance (New York, 1994), 111–112; Remarks 1717, 193–194; Aug. 3, 1774, Edward Miles Riley, ed., The Journal of John Harrower: An Indentured Servant in the Colony of Virginia, 1773–1776 (Williamsburg, 1963), 52.

33. Torrington, Diaries, Ш, 317; Evelyn, Diary, П, 507; Robert Southey, Journal of a Tour in Scotland (1929; rpt. edn. Edinburgh, 1972), 91–92.

34. John Locke, The Works… (London, 1963), IX, 23; Coren, Sleep Thieves, 160–161.

35. Apr. 4, 1624, Beck, Diary, 71; Lawrence Wright, Warm and Snug The History of the Bed (London, 1962), 199–200; Oct. 22,1660, Pepys, Diary, I, 271; Carl Bridenbaugh, ed., Gentleman's Progress: The Itinerarium of Dr. Alexander Hamilton (Chapel Hill, N. C, 1948), 195; F. P. Pankhurst and J. A Home, "The Influence of Bed Partners on Movement during Sleep," Sleep 17 (1994), 308–315.

36. A. Aspinall, ed., Lady Bessborough and Her Family Circle (London, 1940), 111–112; John S. Farmer, ed., Merry Songs and Ballads Prior to the Year A. D. 1800 (New York, 1964), I, 202–203; Lawrence Wright, Clean and Decent: The Fascinating History of the Bathroom & the Water Closet… (New York, 1960), 78; Pounds, Culture, 366–367.

37. См., например: Thomas Brewer, The Merry Devili of Edmonton (London, 1631), 44; OED, s. V. "urinal"; Mar. 27,1706, Sewall, Diary, I, 543; Jonathan Swift, Directions to Servants… (Oxford, 1959), 61; Burt, Letters, II, 47.

38. James T. Henke, Gutter Life and Language in the Early "Street" Literature of England: A Glossary of Terms and Topics Chiefly of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries (West Cornwall, Ct., 1988), 51; Sept. 28,1665, Pepys, Diary, VI, 244; John Greenwood, Mar. 9,1771, Assi 45/30/1/70; Paroimiographia (Italian), 16.

39. Cibber and Vanbrugh, The Provok'd Husband; or a Journey to London (London, 1728), 76.

40. Peter Thornton, The Italian Renaissance Interior 1400–1600 (New York, 1991), 248, 249–251, and Seventeenth-Century Interior Decoration in England, France, and Holland (New Haven, 1978), 324–326,328.

41. Boileau Works, 1,201.

42. Benjamin Franklin, Writings, ed. J. A. Leo Lemay (New York, 1987), 1121–1122; Feb. 16,17,1668, Pepys, Diary, IX, 73, 75; Louis B. Wright and Marion Tinling, ed., Quebec to Carolina in 1785–1786: Being the Travel Diary and Observations of Robert Hunter Jr…. (San Marino, Calif., 1943), 278–279; Raffaella Sarti, Europe at Home: Family and Material Culture, 1500–1800, trans. Allan Cameron (New Haven, 2002), 122.

43. July 9,1774, Philip Vickers Fithian, Journal & Letters of Philip Vickers Fithian, 1773–1774: A Plantation Tutor of the Old Dominion, ed. Hunter Dickinson Farish (Williamsburg, 1943), 178.

44. Nicholas James, Poems on Several Occasions (Truro, Eng., 1742), 13; Herbert's Devotions, 223; Sarah C. Maza, Servants and Masters in Eighteenth-Century France: The Uses of Loyalty (Princeton, N. J., 1983), 183, n. 61. Автор, пишущий о рабочем классе, — Джон Янгер позднее высмеивал «тупоголовых писателей благородных романов… изображающих счастливое неведение храпящего крестьянства, которому совсем ничего не известно о таких человеческих делах» ( Autobiography of John Younger, Shoemaker, St. Boswells… [Edinburgh, 1881], 133).

45. Poliak, "Effects of Noise," 43.

46. Apr. 13, 1719, William Byrd, The London Diary (1717–1721) and Other Writings, ed. Louis B. Wright and Marion Tinling (Oxford, 1958), 256; Oct. 9,1647, Yorkshire Diaries and Autobiographies in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries (Durham, Eng., 1875), 1,67; Coren, Sleep Thieves, 72–74, 286. Неудивительно, что среди низших классов в Европе раннего Нового времени мифическая «страна Кокаин» пользовалась большой популярностью. Кроме прочих удовольствий, в этом утопическом рае мужчины и женщины спали в «мягких постелях», а «кто лучше спит, тот больше зарабатывает» (Piero Camporesi, The Land of Hunger, trans. Tania Croft-Murray [Cambridge, Mass., 1996], 160–164).

47. Medial Sobel, The World They Made Together: Black and White Values in Eighteenth-Century Virginia (Princeton, N.J., 1987), 24; James Scholefield, ed., The Works of James Pilkington, B. D., Lord Bishop of Durham (New York, 1968), 446; E. P. Thompson, "Time, Work-Disdpline, and Industrial Capitalism," PP 38 (1967), 56–97.

48. Camporesi, Bread of Dreams, 68–69; Coren, Sleep Thieves, passim.

Глава двенадцатая

1. Philip Wheelwright, Heraclitus (Princeton, N. J., 1959), 20.

2. Herbert's Devotions… (London, 1657), 236; Robert Louis Stevenson, The Cevennes Journal: Notes on a Journey through the French Highlands, ed. Gordon Golding (Edinburgh, 1978), 79–82.

3. Я обнаружил 83 упоминания о «первом сне» в 72 разных источниках периода 1300–1800 годов. Примеры см. в тексте. Выражения «первая дремота» и «мертвый сон» см. в кн.: A. Roger Ekirch, «Sleep We Have Lost: Pre-industrial Slumber in the British Isles,» AHR 106 (2001), 364. Меньшее количество упоминаний о сне, поделенном на части, найденных мною в старых американских источниках, позволяет предположить, что этот сон, хотя и встречается в Северной Америке, возможно, распространен там меньше, чем в Европе, по причинам, идущим от различий в пропорциональном отношении дня/ночи к более широкому использованию искусственного освещения в колониях. Два источника — Benjamin Franklin, "Letter of the Drum," PG, Apr. 23, 1730, and Hudson Muse to Thomas Muse, Apr. 19, 1771, in "Original Letters," WMQ 2 (1894), 240 — содержат в себе выражение «первая дремота». См. также: Ekirch, «Sleep We Have Lost,» 364.

4. Я нашел 21 упоминание этих выражений в 19 источниках XVII–XIX веков (Ekirch, «Sleep We Have Lost,» 364).

5. База данных ранней итальянской литературы Opera del Vocabolario, представленная консорциумом ItalNet (Web: www.lib.uchicago.edu/efts/ARTFL/projects/OVI/), содержит 57 упоминаний primo sonino и primo sono в 32 текстах только XIV века.

6. О primo sonno или незначительно отличающихся primus somnus либо «primi somni», встретившихся мне 19 раз в 16 текстах, половина из которых написана до XIII века, см., например: Ekirch, «Sleep We Have Lost,» 364–365. О concubia node см.: D. P. Simpson, Cassell's Latin Dictionary (London, 1982), 128.

7. Mid-Night Thoughts, Writ, as Some Think, by a London-Whigg, or a Westminster Tory… (London, 1682), A 2, 17; William Keatinge Clay, ed., Private Prayers, Put Forth by Authority during the Reign of Queen Elizabeth (London, 1968), 440–441; OED, s. v. "watching."

8. Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales (Avon, Ct., 1974), 403; William Baldwin, Beware the Cat, ed. William Ringler, Jr., and Michael Flachmann (San Marino, Calif., 1988), 5.

9. George Wither, Iwenila (London, 1633), 239; Locke, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (London, 1690), 589. См. также: Francis Peck, Desiderrata Curiosa… (London, 1732), II, 33. Упоминания о «первом сне» животных см., например: James Shirley, The Constant Maid (London, 1640); Samuel Jackson Pratt, Harvest-Home… (London, 1805), II, 457.

10. Raimundus Lullus, Liber de Regionibus Sanitatis et Informitatis (n. p., 1995), 107; Harrison, Description, 382. См. также: Crusius, Node, ch. 3.11.

11. The Dramatic Works of Sir William D'Avenant (New York, 1964), III, 75; J. Irvine Smith, ed., Selected Justiciary Cases, 1624–1650 (Edinburgh, 1974), III, 642; Taillepied, Ghosts, 97–98; Richard Hurst, trans., Endimion: An Excellent Fancy First Composed in French by Mounsieur Gombauld (London, 1639), 74; Shirley Strum Kenny, ed., The Works of George Farquhar (Oxford, 1988), 1,100.

12. Governai, In this Tretyse that Is Cleped Govemayle ofHelthe (New York, 1969); William Bullein, A Newe Boke of Phisicke Called y Goveriment of Health… (London, 1559), 90; Andrew Boorde, A Compendyous Regyment or a Dyetary of Health… (London, 1547); André Du Laurens, A Discourse of the Preservation of the Sight…, ed. Sanford V. Larkey, trans. Richard Surfleet ([London], 1938), 190.

13. Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, Montaillou: The Promised Land of Error, trans. Barbara Bray (New York, 1978), 277,227; Nicolas Rémy, La Démonolârie, ed. Jean Boës (1595; rpt. edn., Lyons, n. d), 125. См. также: Jean Duvemoy, ed., Le Registre d'inquisition de Jacques Fournier, Évêque de Pamiers (1318–1325) (Toulouse, 1965), 1,243.

14. Anthony C. Meisel and M. L. del Mastro, trans., The Rule of St. Benedict (Garden City, N.Y., 1975), 66; Alan of Lille, The Art of Preaching, trans. Gillian R. Evans (Kalamazoo, Mich., 1981), 136; Richard Baxter, Practical Works… (London, 1838), 1,339; Mid-Night Thoughts, 158–159; Abbot Gasquet, English Monastic Life (London, 1905), 111–112; С. H. Lawrence, Medieval Monasticism: Forms of Religious Life in Western Europe in the Middle Ages (London, 1984), 28–30; John M. Staudenmaier, S. J., "What Ever Happened to the Holy Dark in the West? The Enlightenment Ideal & the European Mystical Tradition," in Leo Marx and Bruce Mazlish, eds., Progress: Fact or Illusion? (Ann Arbor, Mich., 1996), 184.

15. Livy with an English Translation in Fourteen Volumes, trans. F. G. Moore (Cambridge, Mass., 1966), VI, 372–373; Virgil, The Aeneid, trans. Robert Fitzgerald (New York, 1992), 43; Pausanias, Description of Greece, trans. W. H. S. Jones and H. A. Ormerod (Cambridge, 1966), II, 311; Plutarch, The Lives of the Noble Grecians and Romans, trans. John Dryden (New York, 1979), 630, 1208; Allardyce Nicoli, ed., Chapman's Homer: The Iliad, The Odyssey and the Lesser Homerica (Princeton, N. J., 1967), II, 73.

16. Paul Bohannon, "Concepts of Time among the Tiv of Nigeria," Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 9 (1953), 253; Paul and Laura Bohannan, Three Source Notebooks in Tiv Ethnography (New Haven, 1958), 357; Bruno Gutmann, The Tribal Teachings of the Chagga (New Haven, 1932); George B. Silberbauer, Hunter and Habitat in the Central Kalahari Desert (Cambridge, 1981), 111.