А. Роджер Экерч - На исходе дня. История ночи

11. Midnight the Signal: In Sixteen Letters to a Lady of Quality (London, 1779), 1,147, passim; Koslofsky, "Court Culture," 744; Barbara DeWolfe Howe, Discoveries of America: Personal Accounts of British Emigrants to North America during the Revolutionary Era (Cambridge, 1997), 217; Pinkerton, Travels, II, 790.

12. US and WJ, Oct. 13,1733; A Humorous Description of the Manners and Fashions of Dublin (Dublin, 1734), 5; The Memoirs of Charles-Lewis, Baron de Pollnitz… (London, 1739), I, 411; Robert Anderson, The Works of John Moore, M. D…. (Edinburgh, 1820), 171; Roy Porter, The Creation of the Modem World: The Untold Story of the British Enlightenment (New York, 2000), 435–436; Peter Clark, British Clubs and Societies, 1580–1800: The Origins of an Associational World (Oxford, 2000).

13. British Journal, Sept. 12,1730.

14. Henry Fielding, An Enquiry into the Causes of the Late Increase of Robbers and Related Writings, ed. Malvin R. Zirker (Middletown, Ct, 1988), 231; LC, Sept. 9,1758, Mar. 19, 1785; J. Hanway, Letter to Mr. John Spranger… (London, 1754), 34; Frédérique Pitou, "Jeunesse et Désordre Social: Les 'Coureurs de Nuit' à Laval au XVIIIe Siècle," Revue d'Histoire Moderne et Contemporaine 47 (2000), 70; G & NDA, Nov. 27, 1767; Horace Walpole, Correspondence with Sir Horace Mann, ed. W. S. Lewis et al. (New Haven, 1967), VIII, 47; Bruce Lenman and Geoffrey Parker, "The State, the Community and the Criminal Law in Early Modem Europe," in V. A. C. Gatrell et al., eds., Crime and the Law: The Social History of Crime in Western Europe since 1500 (London, 1980), 38; J. Paul De Castro, The Gordon Riots (London, 1926); Carl Bridenbaugh, Cities in Revolt: Urban Life in America, 1743–1776 (Oxford, 1971), 300–303.

15. DUR, Nov. 30, 1785; Borsay, Urban Renaissance, passim; Peter Clark, The English Alehouse: A Social History (London, 1983), 256–259.

16. 9 George II. c. 20; "Mémoire sur Nécessité d'Éclairer la Ville, Présenté par Quelques Citoyens au Conseil," Jan. 26, 1775, Archives Genève, Geneva; J. M. Beattie, Policing and Punishment in London, 1660–1750: Urban Crime and the Limits of Terror (Oxford, 2001), 221–223; Wolfgang Schivelbusch, Disenchanted Night: The Industrialization of Light in the Nineteenth Century, trans. Angela Davies (Berkeley, Calif., 1988), 9—14.

17. Times, May 14,1807; "F. W," LM, Jan. 6,1815; Jane Austen, Sanditon (Boston, 1975), 221; O'Dea, Lighting, 98; Pounds, Home, 388; Brian T. Robson, Urban Growth An Approach (London, 1973), 178–183; John A. Jakle, City Lights: Illuminating the American Night (Baltimore, 2001), 26–37.

18. LC, Jan. 17,1758; "Case of the Petitioners against the Bill, for Establishing a Nightly-Watch within the City of Bristol," 1755, BL; PA, July 15, 1785; Alan Williams, The Police of Paris, 1718–1789 (Baton Rouge, 1979), 71; Ruff, Violence, 88–91.

19. BC, Aug. 11, 1762; David Philips and Robert D. Storch, Policing Provincial England, 1829–1856: The Politics of Reform (London, 1999), 63; Beattie, Crime, 67–72; Elaine A. Reynolds, Before the Bobbies: The Night Watch and Police Reform in Metropolitan London, 1720–1830 (Stanford, Calif., 1998); Stanley H. Palmer, Police and Protest in England and Ireland, 1780–1850 (Cambridge, 1988), passim; David Philips, "'A New Engine of Power and Authority': The Institutionalization of Law-Enforcement in England 1780–1830," in Gatrell et al., eds., Crime and the Law, 155–189; James F. Richardson, Urban Police in the United States (Port Washington, N. Y, 1974), 19–28.

20. "Night Hawk," Mechanics Free Press (Philadelphia), Nov. 7, 1829; Louis Bader, "Gas Illumination in New York City, 1823–1863" (Ph. D. diss., New York Univ., 1970), 334; Mary Lee Mann, ed., A Yankee Jeffersonian: Selections from the Diary and Letters of William Lee of Massachusetts (Cambridge, Mass., 1958), 37; Pounds, Home, 388; Johan Goudsblom, Fire and Civilization (London, 1992), 150, 176–178. О благотворном воздействии уличного освещения и снижении уровня преступности см.: Jane Jacobs, The Death and Life of Great American Cities (New York, 1961), 41–42; Kate Painter, "Designing Out Crime — Lighting, Safety and the Urban Realm," in Andrew Lovatt et al., eds., The 24—Hour City… (Manchester, 1994), 133–138.

21. Maurice Rollinat, Oeuvres (Paris, 1972), II, 282. Allan Silver, "The Demand for Order in Civil Society; A Review of Some Themes in the History of Urban Crime, Police and Riot," in D. Bordua, ed., The Police: Six Sociological Essays (New York, 1967), 1—24; Anna Clark, Women's Silence, Men's Violence: Sexual Assault in England, 1770–1845 (New York, 1987), 118.

22. Ralph Waldo Emerson, Essays & Lectures, ed. Joel Porte (New York, 1983), 1067; Joachim Schlör, Nights in the Big City: Paris, Berlin, London 1840–1930, trans. Pierre Gottfried Imhof and Dafydd Rees Roberts (London, 1998), 287; Mark J. Bouman, "The 'Good Lamp Is the Best Police' Metaphor and Ideologies of the Nineteenth-Century Urban Landscape," American Studies 32 (1991), 66.

23. The Journeyman Engineer, The Great Unwashed (London, 1869), 199; A. H. Bullen, ed., The Works of Thomas Middleton (1885; rpt. edn., New York, 1964), VIII, 14; A. Roger Ekirch, "Sleep We Have Lost: Pre-industrial Slumber in the British Isles," AHR 106 (2001), 383–385; Thomas A. Wehr, "A 'Clock for All Seasons' in the Human Brain," in R. M. Buijs et al., eds., Hypothalamic Integration of Circadian Rhythms (Amsterdam, 1996), 319–340; Thomas A. Wehr, "The Impact of Changes in Nightlength (Scotoperiod) on Human Sleep," in F. W Turek and P. C. Zee, eds., Neurobiology of Sleep and Circadian Rhythms (New York, 1999), 263–285; P. Lippmann, "Dreams and Psychoanalysis: A Love-Hate Story," Psychoanlytic Psychology 17 (2000), 627–650. Роджер Бэстайд писал о сновидениях: «В нашей западной цивилизации… связи между дневной и ночной половинами жизни человека были обрезаны. Конечно, всегда можно найти людей — и не только среди низших слоев общества, — которые обращаются к сонникам или, по крайней мере, анализируют свои сны и определяют их роль в своей жизни. Но эти жизненные функции сна остаются личными и никогда не смогут быть применены к общественности. Напротив, считается, что, будучи далекими от действующих упорядоченных норм поведения, они являются отклонением от нормы; они отнесены к «суевериям»; иногда даже полагают, что люди, которые ищут в сновидениях смысл или руководство к действию, не совсем в своем уме» («The Sociology of the Dream,» in Gustave Von Grunebaum, The Dream and Human Societies [Berkeley, Calif., 1966], 200–201).

24. R. W. Flint, ed., Marinetti: Selected Writings, trans. R. W. Flint and Arthur A. Coppotelli (New York, 1979), 56.

25 Frederic J. Baumgartner, A History of Papal Elections (New York, 2003), 191; Rev. Dr. Render, A Tour through Germany… (London, 1801), II, 37. Хотя 1916 год указан неверно, перевод статьи «Arguments against Light» из Zeitung приводится в кн.: "Arguments against Light," trans. M. Luckiesh, Artificial Light: Its Influence upon Civilization (New York, 1920), 157–158.

26. Schlör, Nights in the Big City, trans. Imhof and Roberts, 66; Christian Augustus Gotriief Goede, A Foreigner's Opinion of England…, trans. Thomas Home (Boston, 1822), 47; Richard L. Bushman, The Refinement of America: Persons, Houses, Cities (New York, 1992), 365; Gamert, Lampan, 126; Schindler, Rebellion, 221; Eugen Weber, France Fin de Siècle (Cambridge, Mass., 1986), 54.

27. Victor Hugo, Les Misérables, trans. Isabel F. Hapgood (New York, 1887), II, Pt. 1,313–316; Schivelbusch, Disenchanted Night, 105,97—114, passim; Wolfgang Schivelbusch, "The Policing of Street Lighting," Yale French Studies 73 (1987), 73, 61–74, passim; Eugène Defrance, Histoire de l'Éclairage des Rues de Paris (Paris, 1904), 104–106; Gamert, Lampan, 123–129.

28. Joseph Lawson, Letters to the Young on Progress in Pudsey during the Last Sixty Years (Stanningley, Eng., 1887), 33; [Charles Shaw], When I Was a Child (1903; rpt. edn., Firle, Eng., 1977), 37; Silvia Mantini, "Notte in Città, Notte in Campagna tra Medioevo ed Età Moderna," in Mario Sbriccoli, ed., La Notte: Ordine, Sicurezza e Disciplinamento in Età Moderna (Florence, 1991), 42; Pounds, Culture, 420–423; James Obelkevich, Religion and Rural Society: South Lindsey, 1825–1875 (Oxford, 1976), passim; Judith Develin, The Superstitious Mini French Peasants and the Supernatural in the Nineteenth Century (New Haven, 1987).

29. George Sturt, Change in the Village (1912; rpt. edn., Harmondsworth, Eng., 1984), 121,8.

30. Dagobert D. Runes, The Diary and Sundry Observations of Thomas Aha Edison (New York, 1948), 232; Ekirch, "Sleep We have Lost," 383–385; Patricia Edmonds, "In Jampacked Days, Sleep Time is the First to Go," USA Today, April 10,1995; Andree Brooks, "For Teen-Agers, Too Much to Do, Too Little Time for Sleep," New York Times, Oct. 31, 1996; Amanda Onion, "The No-Doze Soldier: Military Seeking Radical Ways of Stumping Need for Sleep," Dec. 18, 2002, Web: www.abcNEWS. com. Об исследованиях ночи в современной жизни см.: Murray Melbin, Night as Frontier: Colonizing the World after Dark (New York, 1987); Kevin Coyne, A Day in the Night of America (New York, 1992); A. Alvarez, Night: Night Life, Night Language, Sleep, and Dreams (New York, 1995); Christopher Dewdney, Acquainted with the Night: Excursions through the World after Dark (New York, 2004).

31. Montague Summers, ed., Dryden: The Dramatic Works (1932; rpt. edn., New York, 1968), VI, 159; Arthur R. Upgren, "Night Blindness," Amicus Journal 17 (1996), 22–25; David L. Crawford, "Light Pollution — Theft of the Night," in Derek McNally, ed., The Vanishing Universe: Adverse Environmental Impacts on Astronomy (Cambridge, 1994), 27–33.

32. Warren E. Leary, "Russia's Space Mirror Bends Light of Sun into the Dark," NYT, Times, Feb. 5, 1993; "Russian Space Mirror Reflector Prototype Fails," Boston Globe, Feb. 5,1999.

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