Гэри Уилсон - На порноигле. Порнография и природа зависимости

Volkow, N. D., Koob, G. F. & McLellan, A. T. Neurobiologic Advances from the Brain Disease Model of Addiction. N. Engl. J. Med. 374, 363–371 (2016).

Voon, V. et al. Neural correlates of sexual cue reactivity in individuals with and without compulsive sexual behaviours. PloS One 9, e102419 (2014); Brand, M. et al. Watching pornographic pictures on the Internet: role of sexual arousal ratings and psychological-psychiatric symptoms for using Internet sex sites excessively. Cyberpsychology Behav. Soc. Netw. 14, 371–377 (2011); Banca, P. et al. Novelty, conditioning and attentional bias to sexual rewards. J. Psychiatr. Res. 72, 91– 101 (2016); Gola, M. et al. Can Pornography be Addictive? An fMRI Study of Men Seeking Treatment for Problematic Pornography Use. Neuropsychopharmacol. Off. Publ. Am. Coll. Neuropsychopharmacol (2017).

doi:10.1038/npp.2017.78; Schiebener, J., Laier, C. & Brand, M. Getting stuck with pornography? Overuse or neglect of cybersex cues in a multitasking situation is related to symptoms of cybersex addiction. J. Behav. Addict. 4, 14–21 (2015); Klucken, T., Wehrum-Osinsky, S., Schweckendiek, J., Kruse, O. & Stark, R. Altered Appetitive Conditioning and Neural Connectivity in Subjects With Compulsive Sexual Behavior. J. Sex. Med. 13, 627–636 (2016); Mechelmans, D. J. et al. Enhanced Attentional Bias towards Sexually Explicit Cues in Individuals with and without Compulsive Sexual Behaviours. PLoS ONE 9, (2014); Steele, V. R., Staley, C., Fong, T. & Prause, N. Sexual desire, not hypersexuality, is related to neurophysiological responses elicited by sexual images. Socioaff ective Neurosci. Psychol. 3, (2013); Laier, C. & Brand, M. Empirical Evidence and Theoretical Considerations on Factors Contributing to Cybersex Addiction From a Cognitive-Behavioral View. Sex. Addict. Compulsivity 21, 305–321 (2014); Laier, C., Schulte, F. P. & Brand, M. Pornographic picture processing interferes with working memory performance. J. Sex Res. 50, 642–652 (2013); Laier, C., Pawlikowski, M., Pekal, J., Schulte, F. P. & Brand, M. Cybersex addiction: Experienced sexual arousal when watching pornography and not reallife sexual contacts makes the diff erence. J. Behav. Addict. 2, 100–107 (2013); Laier, C., Pekal, J. & Brand, M. Cybersex addiction in heterosexual female users of internet pornography can be explained by gratifi cation hypothesis. Cyberpsychology Behav. Soc. Netw. 17, 505–511 (2014); Snagowski, J., Wegmann, E., Pekal, J., Laier, C. & Brand, M. Implicit associations in cybersex

addiction: Adaption of an Implicit Association Test with pornographic pictures. Addict. Behav. 49, 7–12 (2015); Laier, C., Pekal, J. & Brand, M. Sexual Excitability and Dysfunctional Coping Determine Cybersex Addiction in Homosexual Males. Cyberpsychology Behav. Soc. Netw. 18, 575–580 (2015); Snagowski, J., Laier, C., Duka, T. & Brand, M. Subjective Craving for Pornography and Associative Learning Predict Tendencies Towards Cybersex Addiction in a Sample of Regular Cybersex Users. Sex. Addict. Compulsivity 23, 342–360 (2016); Banca, P., Harrison, N. A. & Voon, V. Compulsivity Across the Pathological Misuse of Drug and Non-Drug Rewards. Front. Behav. Neurosci. 10 (2016); Albery, I. P. et al. Exploring the Relationship between Sexual Compulsivity and Attentional Bias to Sex-Related Words in a Cohort of Sexually Active Individuals. Eur. Addict. Res. 23, 1–6 (2017); Snagowski, J. & Brand, M. Symptoms of cybersex addiction can be linked to both approaching and avoiding pornographic stimuli: results from an analog sample of regular cybersex users. Front. Psychol. 6, (2015); Laier, C. & Brand, M. Mood changes after watching pornography on the Internet are linked to tendencies towards Internet-pornography-viewing disorder. Addict. Behav. Rep. 5, 9–13 (2017).

Natural and Drug Rewards Act on Common Neural Plasticity Mechanisms with FosB as a Key Mediator. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3865508/.

Hyman, S. E. Addiction: a disease of learning and memory. Am. J. Psychiatry 162, 1414–1422 (2005).

Kühn, S. & Gallinat, J. Brain Structure and Functional Connectivity Associated With Pornography Consumption: The Brain on Porn. JAMA Psychiatry 71, 827–834 (2014).

Leyton, M. & Vezina, P. Striatal ups and downs: their roles in vulnerability to addictions in humans. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 37, 1999–2014 (2013).

Kühn, S. & Gallinat, J. Brain Structure and Functional Connectivity Associated With Pornography Consumption: The Brain on Porn. JAMA Psychiatry 71, 827–834 (2014); Banca, P. et al. Novelty, conditioning and attentional bias to sexual rewards. J. Psychiatr. Res. 72, 91–101 (2016); Albery, I. P. et al. Exploring the Relationship between Sexual Compulsivity and Attentional Bias to Sex-Related Words in a Cohort of Sexually Active Individuals. Eur. Addict. Res. 23, 1–6 (2017); Prause, N., Steele, V. R., Staley, C., Sabatinelli, D. & Hajcak, G. Modulation of late positive potentials by sexual images in problem users and controls inconsistent with “porn addiction”. Biol. Psychol. 109, 192–199 (2015); Kunaharan, S., Halpin, S., Sitharthan, T., Bosshard, S. & Walla, P. Conscious and Non-Conscious Measures of Emotion: Do They Vary with Frequency of Pornography Use? Appl. Sci. 7, 493 (2017); Seok, J.-W. & Sohn, J.-H. Neural Substrates of Sexual Desire in Individuals with Problematic Hypersexual Behavior. Front. Behav. Neurosci. 9 (2015).

Kühn, S. & Gallinat, J. Brain Structure and Functional Connectivity Associated With Pornography Consumption: The Brain on Porn. JAMA Psychiatry 71, 827–834 (2014); Negash, S., Sheppard, N. V. N., Lambert, N. M. & Fincham, F. D. Trading Later Rewards for Current Pleasure: Pornography Consumption and Delay Discounting. J. Sex Res. 53, 689–700. (2016); Schiebener, J., Laier, C. & Brand, M. Getting stuck with pornography? Overuse or neglect of cybersex cues in a multitasking situation is related to symptoms of cybersex addiction. J. Behav. Addict. 4, 14–21 (2015); Messina, B., Fuentes, D., Tavares, H., Abdo, C. H. N. & Scanavino, M. de T. Executive Functioning of Sexually Compulsive and Non-Sexually Compulsive Men Before and After Watching an Erotic Video. J. Sex. Med. 14, 347–354 (2017); Leppink, E. W., Chamberlain, S. R., Redden, S. A. & Grant, J. E. Problematic sexual behavior in young adults: Associations across clinical, behavioral, and neurocognitive variables. Psychiatry Res. 246, 230–235 (2016); Cheng, W. & Chiou, W.-B. Exposure to Sexual Stimuli Induces Greater Discounting Leading to Increased Involvement in Cyber Delinquency Among Men. Cyberpsychology Behav. Soc. Netw. (2017). doi:10.1089/cyber.2016.0582; Klucken, T., Wehrum-Osinsky, S., Schweckendiek, J., Kruse, O. & Stark, R. Altered Appetitive Conditioning and Neural Connectivity in Subjects With Compulsive Sexual Behavior. J. Sex. Med. 13, 627–636 (2016); Laier, C., Schulte, F. P. & Brand, M. Pornographic picture processing interferes with working memory performance. J. Sex Res. 50, 642–652 (2013); Seok, J.-W. & Sohn, J.-H. Neural Substrates of Sexual Desire in Individuals with Problematic Hypersexual Behavior. Front. Behav. Neurosci. 9, (2015); Laier, C., Pawlikowski, M. & Brand, M. Sexual picture processing interferes with decision-making under ambiguity. Arch. Sex. Behav. 43, 473–482 (2014); Miner, M. H., Raymond, N., Mueller, B. A., Lloyd, M. & Lim, K. O. Preliminary investigation of the impulsive and neuroanatomical characteristics of compulsive sexual behavior. Psychiatry Res. 174, 146–151 (2009); Schmidt, C. et al. Compulsive sexual behavior: Prefrontal and limbic volume and interactions. Hum. Brain Mapp. 38, 1182–1190 (2017); Reid, R. C., Karim, R., McCrory, E. & Carpenter, B. N. Self-reported diff erences on measures of executive function and hypersexual behavior in a patient and community sample of men. Int. J. Neurosci. 120, 120–127. (2010).

Koob, G. F. & Le Moal, M. Addiction and the brain antireward system. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 59, 29–53 (2008).

Chatzittofi s, A. et al. HPA axis dysregulation in men with hypersexual disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology 63, 247–253 (2016); Jokinen, J. et al. Methylation of HPA axis related genes in men with hypersexual disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology 80, 67–73 (2017); The role of neuroinfl ammation in the pathophysiology of hypersexual disorder. ResearchGate Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/306419104_The_role_of_neuroinflammation_in_the_pathophysiology_of_hypersexual_disorder.

Hilts, P. J. Is Nicotine Addictive? It Depends on Whose Criteria You Use. New York Times (1994).

Bőthe, B. et al. The Development of the Problematic Pornography Consumption Scale (PPCS). J. Sex Res. 1–12 (2017). doi:10.1080/00224499.2017.1291798; Out-of-control use of the internet for sexual purposes as behavioural addiction? 4th International Conference On Behavioral Addictions 6, 1–74 (2017).

Web addicts’ withdrawal symptoms similar to drug users. BBC News (2013).

Romano, M., Osborne, L. A., Truzoli, R. & Reed, P. Diff erential Psychological Impact of Internet Exposure on Internet Addicts. PLOS ONE 8, e55162 (2013).

Bőthe, B. et al. The Development of the Problematic Pornography Consumption Scale (PPCS). J. Sex Res. 1–12 (2017). doi:10.1080/00224499.2017.1291798; Out-of-control use of the internet for sexual purposes as behavioural addiction? 4Th International Conference On Behavioral Addictions 6, 1–74 (2017); Wéry, A. & Billieux, J. Online sexual activities: An exploratory study of problematic and non-problematic usage patterns in a sample of men. Comput Hum Behav 56, 257–266, (2016).

Studies Find Escalation (and Habituation) in Porn Users – Your Brain On Porn. Available at: https://www.yourbrainonporn.com/studies-find-escalation-porn-users

Hajela, R. & Love, T. Addiction Beyond Substances— What’s Up with the DSM? Sex. Addict. Compulsivity 24, 11–22 (2017).

ASAM. Public Policy Statement: Defi nition of Addiction. (2011). Available at: https://www.asam.org/advocacy/find-a-policy-statement/view-policy-statement/publicpolicy-statements/2011/12/15/the-definition-of-addiction.

Insel, T. Post by Former NIMH Director Thomas Insel: Transforming Diagnosis (Available at: https://www.nimh.nih.gov/about/directors/thomas-insel/blog/2013transforming-diagnosis.shtml). National Institute of Mental Health (2013).

Krueger, R. B. Diagnosis of hypersexual or compulsive sexual behavior can be made using ICD-10 and DSM5 despite rejection of this diagnosis by the American Psychiatric Association. Addiction 111, 2110–2111 (2016).

Disorders due to addictive behaviours. ICD-11 Beta Draft Available at: http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd11/browse/f/en#/http%3a%2f%2fid.who.int%2ficd%2fentity%2f499894965.

Potenza, M. N., Gola, M., Voon, V., Kor, A. & Kraus, S. W. Is excessive sexual behaviour an addictive disorder? Lancet Psychiatry 4, 663–664 (2017).

Of ‘Voting Booth Moments’ and Porn. PornHelp.org Available at: http://www.pornhelp.org/1/post/2017/05/ofvoting-booth-moments-and-porn.html.