Владимир Аракин - Практический курс английского языка 2 курс. Ключи

THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
AND THE CONDITIONAL MOOD

(TO UNITS ONE—THREE)
Ex. 19, p. 446
1. were — Present Subjunctive Mood, should have — Presen Conditional Mood; 2. were — Present Subjunctive Mood, should pay — Present Conditional Mood; 3. wouldnt find — Present; Conditional Mood, tried — Present Subjunctive Mood; 4. hated Present Subjunctive Mood, wouldnt be — Present Conditional Mood; 5. would hardly know — Present Conditional Mood, met — Present Subjunctive Mood; 6. had known — Past Subjunctive Mood, shouldnt have come — Past Conditional Mood; 7. should never have found — Past Conditional Mood, hadnt helped — Past Subjunctive Mood; 8. had left — Past Subjunctive Mood, would have caught — Past Conditional Mood; 9. had taken — Past Subjunctive Mood, would feel — Present Conditional Mood; 10. had read — Past Subjunctive Mood, would know — Present Conditional Mood
1. Будь я молод, я бы провел отпуск в походе. 2. На твоем месте я нестал бы обращать внимания на ее слова. 3. Ваза очень красивая. Вы ни за что не нашли бы ей пару. 4. Если бы ты терпеть не могбольных, ты бы не стал врачом, дорогой. 5. «Го­ворят, Фрэнк очень изменился*. — «О да. Если б вы его сей­час встретили, вряд ли бы узнали». 6. Если бы я это знал, то не пришел бы. 7. Мы бы никогда не нашли этот дом, если бы нам не помог прохожий. 8. Если бы вы вышли из дома порань­ше, то успели бы на трамвай. 9. Если бы вы принимали лекар­ство, которое прописал врач, вы бы сейчас чувствовали себя лучше. 10. Если бы вы прочитали рекомендованную мной ста­тью, вы бы знали, как отвечать на такие вопросы.
The Subjunctive Mood and the Conditional Mood (Units I—3) PAGE129
Ex. 22, p. 447
1. If they hadnt helped us, we wouldnt have found the way.
2. If I had enough money, I would buy this cassette-recorder.
3. You will be/ would be able to speak English better if you study/ studied harder. 4. If she were older, she would understand you better. 5. If he had been in town yesterday, he would have called on us. 6. We would have enjoyed the play better if it were not so long. 7. My uncle would be able to help us if he were here. 8. I would have done the same if I had been there. 9. If I had known of your arrival, I would have met you. 10. If you knew what it is all about, you wouldnt keep on smiling. 11. If you had gone to the theatre last night^Jm sure, you would have enjoyed the play. 12. He would be acting/would have acted differently if he realized/had realized the situation. 13. If she had come earlier, she would have been able to see them before they went out. 14. Nobody told me about your trouble. I would have helped you if I nad Aeard about it. 15.1 would have come sooner if I had known you were here. 16. We wouldnt know anything about their plans for the summer holidays if Mario had not sent us a letter. 17. If you had come between two and three yesterday, you would have found him in. 18. If I were you, I would have a long walk in the park. 19. If I could help you, I readily would do so, but you know I cant. 20.1 must be off now. If it were not so late, I would stay a little longer.
Ex. 23, p. 448
1. They would do it if they could. 2. If it were summer now, we should go to the country. 3. If he wrote to me, I would write to him. 4. She would have found the book if she had opened the bag. 5. It would be better if they didnt come. 6.1 would have given it to you if you hadnt been out. 7.1 could knit another sweater if I had more wool. 8.1 would study Italian if I had more spare time. 9. If she had followed the doctors advice, she wouldnt have fallen seriously ill. 10. The boy wouldnt be shivering if he were well. 11. If he hadnt refused my help, the work would be/would have been finished today. 12. I wouldnt have a headache if I hadnt had a sleepless night. 13. Anne could translate this song if she knew French well enough. 14. You would fee quite all right now if you had taken the medicine regularly. 15. If they hadnt taken a taxi, they would have missed the train. 16. If he knew her address, he would write to her, Im sure. 17. The garden would look
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beautiful if the trees were not bare. 18. He wouldnt make so many I mistakes if he knew grammar well enough. 19. Would you do it] for me if I asked you?
Ex. 24, p. 448
1. What would you say if I invited him for the weekend/to] stay with us over the weekend? 2. What medicine would you] recommend if the boy had a sore throat/were to have a sore] throat? 3. If I could play the piano well, I should/would play for ] you. 4. The boy wouldnt be shivering if he werent cold. Give him a cup of hot tea. 5. We would gladly stay another hour if it ] werent so late. 6. If I had known that you had called me to] reproach me, I wouldnt have come. 7. If you had taken the] medicines prescribed by the doctor regularly, you would be ] feeling/would feel much better now. 8. If we had begun working I early in the morning, we would have been through long ago. 9. If j I were you, I wouldnt argue/wouldnt have argued with them. ] 10. If we had known it at the time/Had we known it at the time, we would have taken measures. 11. If everything were all right, J he wouldnt look so worried/preoccupied. 12. I would have done I it long ago if I had known that it was so important. 13. If you had ] followed/taken my advice, everything would be all right now. j 14. If you hadnt refused his offer/proposal, we should have all j gone/left together and shouldnt be hanging around here/sitting here atone. 15. I am sure that you would have been able to do it ■ without my help if you had tried. 16. I might stay/I would j probably stay if I were allowed to. 17. You would save/would have saved time if you went/had gone by train and by boat. 18. If you knew him as I do, you would trust him too. 19. I would have answered your question long ago if I could. 20. If you had called j me, I would have dropped in yesterday. 21. If I were you, i] wouldn t go there without an invitation.
Ex. 25, p. 449
Comments
a) In sentences 1 and 7 the action of the object subordinate clause is either simultaneous with that of the principal clause (the wish-clause) or follows it, so the Present Subjunctive (the non-factual Past Indefinite) is used.
In complex sentences 2—6 and 8 the action of the object subordinate clause precedes that of the principal wish-clause,
The Subjunctive Mood and the Conditional Mood (Units 1—3) 131
hence the use of the Past Subjunctive (the non-factual Past Perfect).
b) In complex sentences 1, 7, 8 the action of the subordinate clauses of unreal comparison is simultaneous with that of the principal clauses, so the Present Subjunctive Mood (the non-factual Past Indefinite) is used in the subordinate clauses.
In complex sentences 4, 6, 9, 10 the Present Subjunctive Continuous (the non-factual Past Continuous) is used in the subordinate clauses of unreal comparison because their imagined actions serve as a background for the actions of the principal clauses. <>,
In sentence 3 the Past Subjunctive (the non-factual Past Perfect) is used in the subordinate clause of unreal comparison because its imagined action precedes that of the principal clause.
In sentences 2 and 5 the Past Subjunctive Continuous (the non-factual Past Perfect Continuous) is used in the subordinate clauses of unreal comparison because their imagined actions went on for some time up to the moment when the actions of the principal clauses took place.
c) In sentences 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8 the Present Subjunctive (the non-factual Past Indefinite) is used in the subordinate clauses of unreal concession (1—4) and unreal condition (7, 8) because the situations refer to the present.
In sentences 5, 6, 9,10 the Past Subjunctive (the non-factual Past Perfect) is used in the clauses of unreal concession (5) and unreal condition (6, 9,10) because the situations refer to the past.
d) Sentences 1—6 are simple exclamatory sentences that express a wish which cannot be fulfilled.
Sentences 1, 2, 3, 5 refer to the present, so the Present Subjunctive is used.
Sentences 4 and 6 refer to the past, hence the use of the Past Subj unctive.
Translation
1. Ты был очень добр к тому иностранцу. Дик. Хорошо бы/ Хотелось бы его увидеть. (Жаль, что мы не можем с ним встре­титься.) 2. Дора жалела, что не вынула книгу из чемодана до отхода поезда. 3. Это хорошая мысль. Жаль, что я не подумал
132 Grammar Exercises
об этом раньше. 4. Он кивнул ей и торопливо направился к своей комнате. Жаль, что она его видела. Жаль, что она вооб­ще там оказалась. 5. Он подумал, что было бы куда лучше, если бы Милдред к нему не обращалась. 6. Это была отличная: мысль. Жаль, что она не пришла в голову мне самому. 7. Хо-| телось бы мне быть в этом уверенным. 8. Неужели вам не жаль, 1 что вы не явились раньше?
го
b) 1. Казалось, ему хотелось выговориться, но он боялся ска­зать что-нибудь обид 1 ое. 2. Теперь я припоминаю, что он то 1 час же побледнел и начал задыхаться, как будто только что долго бежал. 3. Под глазами у нее залегли тени, как будто она не спала всю ночь. 4. Внезапно он улыбнулся, и голос его из­менился, словно он желал рассказать какую-то тайну. 5. У нее был такой довольный вид, как будто она весь день ждала этой минуты. 6. Хью был удивлен и раздосадован, и к тому же про­дрог, как будто температура в комнате все время опускалась. 7. А вы ведите себя так, словно мы с вами знакомы. 8. Ты те­перь уже почти взрослый, и я буду говорить с тобой как со взрослым. А ты должен мне в этом помочь. 9. Они пристально глядели друг на друга в безмолвном доме, и казалось, что они прислушиваются к чьим-то отдаленным шагам. 10. Во всем его поведении чувствовалась какая-то странная осторожность, как будто он втайне вынашивал некий план.
c) 1. Даже если бы вы только подумали, что я могу быть вам: полезен, я и то был бы очень рад, я был бы просто счастлив! получить разрешение остаться. 2. Пусть это даже было бы правдой — зачем об этом говорить? 3. Я бы добрался туда, даже если бы мне пришлось всю дорогу идти пешком. 4. Даже есл! бы вы дважды попросили его не делать этого, он бы все равнс сделал это опять; он мальчик упрямый. 5. Вы бы не смогл! связаться с ним, даже если бы попытались: его не было в горо­де. 6. Если бы мы вовремя получили информацию, мы могли бы предотвратить катастрофу. 7. *Видишь ли, — сказал Рэн-дал, — я бы не пошел, если бы тебе этого не хотелось». 8. Ду­маю, было бы естественно, если бы вы к ним присоединились. 9. «Вот бы знать: было бы все по-другому, если б мама не умер-1 ла?» — подумала она. 10. Кто-нибудь обязательно бы заметил, если бы ее там не было.
The Subjunctive Mood and the Conditional Mood
( Units 1—3) PAGE 133
d) 1. Если бы только отец был жив! 2. Если бы это было прав­дой! 3. Если бы (только) я мог в это поверить! 4. Если бы толь­ко он рассказал тебе всю историю с начала до конца! 5. Если бы (только) она была с нами! 6. Если бы только я не упомянул его имени! Как я мог сделать такую глупость!
Ex. 26, р. 450
1. I dont know how to address him. I wish I knew his name. 2.1 feel as if my head were on fire. 3. If only I had known earlier, I would have sent you a telegram. 4. My wife says she wishes I were a thousand miles away. 5. He felt as if he were floating in the air. 6. He stared at me as if I had asked him something very odd. 7. At that moment she wished she hadnt sent for him. 8. If I had told you, you might have thought it was my choice. 9. Even if it were twice as dangerous, I would carry out my plan. 10. I wish I had never seen you. 11. Dont look at me as if you had never seen me before. 12.1 think it would be natural if you joined them. 13. Remember her! As if I could forget her! 14. Then he suddenly said, "Would you take me to Grayhallock if 1 asked?" 15. Dont you think it would be rather nice if we asked her to stay on for a week as our guest? 16. "How I wish I had been there with you," I said with deep regret. 17. "Dont be sorry," she said. "I should be relieved if you went, if it were settled somehow." 18. Well, at any rate, the weather isnt going to present difficulties. It looks as though it has set in fine. 19.1 wouldnt be sure of it if I were you.
Ex. 27, p. 451
Comments
1. It is a simple sentence containing an implied unreal condition. The Present Conditional Mood is used because the whole situation refers to the present. 2. This is a Type 3 complex conditional sentence. The Past Conditional Mood is used in the principal clause because the whole situation refers to the past. 3. This is a complex sentence with a clause of unreal concession. The Present Conditional Mood is used in the principal clause because the whole situation refers to the present. 4. This is a simple sentence of implied unreal condition with a but for construction. The Past Conditional Mood is used because the situation refers to the past. 5. This is a complex sentence which contains an implied unreal condition. The Present Conditional
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Mood is used in the principal clause because its action refers to the present or future. 6. This is a compound sentence; its second clause contains an implied unreal condition. The Past Conditional Mood is used in it because the whole situation refers to the past. 8. This is a simple sentence containing an implied unreal condition. The Present Conditional Mood is used because its action refers to the present 9. We shouldnt have managed them alone is a simple sentence containing an implied unreal condition. The Past Conditional Mood is used because its action refers to the past. 10. This is a complex sentence containing two subordinate clauses: a clause of real condition and an object clause. The latter: Crawford would never have done so in similar circumstances contains an implied unreal condition. The Past Conditional Mood is used here because the situation refers to the past. 11. This is a simple sentence containing an implied condition expressed by a but for construction. The Present Conditional Mood is used here because the situation refers to no particular time. 12. This is a compound sentence. Its second clause contains an implied unreal condition. The whole situation refers to the past, so the Past Conditional Mood is used. 14. The second of the two simple sentences contains an implied unreal condition. The Past Conditional Mood is used because the whole situation refers to the past. 15. This is a simple sentence containing an implied unreal condition. The Present Conditional Mood is used because the situation refers to the present. 17. This is a compound sentence; the clause that comes first contains an implied unreal condition. The situation refers to the past, hence the use of the Past Conditional Mood. 18. This is a conditional sentence of a mixed type. The action in the conditional clause refers to the past, hence the use of the Past Subjunctive, and the action of the principal clause refers to the present, hence the Present Conditional Mood.
Translation
1. На твоем месте я бы сейчас не волновался. Уверен, очень скоро все прояснится. 2. Я бы не удивился, если бы он нашел какую-нибудь уважительную причину и не пришел. 3. Но даже если бы вы были правы, я бы предпочел действовать по-свое­му. 4. Если бы не моя помощь, он бы провалил последний эк­замен. 5. По-моему, сейчас она была бы счастлива заполучить то, от чего тогда отказалась. 6. Сэр Хорэс задал мне один или
The Subjunctive Mood and the Conditional Mood (Units 1—3)
PAGE135
два вопроса, и с моей стороны было бы невежливо не ответить.
7. Несколько лет назад он не стал бы так говорить о Джейгоу.
8. Пойдем, Джесси! В одиночестве тебе будет еще хуже. 9. Я думаю о тех замечательных результатах, которых мы достиг­ли, работая вместе. Поодиночке нам бы это не удалось. Жаль, что теперь мы действуем врозь. 10. Если ты нарушишь свое обещание, люди скажут, что в подобных обстоятельствах Кро-форд никогда бы так не поступил. 11. Не будь пчел, не было бы и меда. 12. Она не желала даже смотреть в мою сторону. Взгляни она на меня хоть раз, я бы подошел и извинился. 13. Он очень спешил, и ему некогда было все обдумать. Иначе он нашел бы лучший выход из положения. 14. Но миссис Джейгоу не смогла в точности скопировать особенности речи леди Мюриэл. Говоря с мужчинами или о мужчинах, леди Мюриэл никогда не стала бы употреблять их университетские звания. 15. Лично я бы на это не согласился. 16. Они все были бы только рады тебя видеть. 17. Я бы ее выпроводил, но мне казалось, что –ны хочешь записать ее речь с помощью этих тво­их устройств. 18. Ты никогда никому не делал ничего хоро­шего. Если бы ты вел себя по-другому, у тебя сейчас было бы больше сторонников.
Ex. 28, р. 451
1. It would do you/him/her, etc. good to consult a doctor./ It would be good to consult a doctor. 2. It would be interesting to find out which of us is right: you or me. 3. It would be nice to have a swim/to go swimming in such hot weather. 4. It would be nice to have a cup of coffee. 5. It would be very important to learn his opinion of this matter. 6. It would do you a lot/a world of good to go in for sports. 7. She would be a good student if she werent so often ill and didnt miss classes. 8. We would be glad to help you, but we are very busy tod. y. 9.1 think she wouldnt have got angry if you hadnt made so much noise. 10.1 would go to the south but my doctor advised me against it. 11.1 would go to the cafeteria with you, but my doctor has prescribed me a diet.
12. You did well to follow the doctors advice, or else/otherwise you would surely have gone down/fallen ill with pneumonia.
13. On Sunday it rained all day, otherwise we should have gone to the country. 14. He says theres something wrong with his heart, otherwise he would have taken part in the competition. 15. But for my headache I would join you/keep you company.
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16. He wouldnt have recovered so quickly if he hadnt been taken; good care of in hospital./He wouldnt have recovered so quickly? but for the good attendance in hospital. 17. But for his good health/If it werent for his good health he wouldnt have been able to endure all the hardships of the expedition. 18. But for your pills, doctor, I would have had to go to hospital. They have worked a miracle. 19. If you had dressed more warmly yesterday, you wouldnt be coughing and sneezing now. 20. If you knew the symptoms of measles, you would have understood right away/at once that it wasnt scarlet fever. 21. He would have come with us but for his sudden illness. 22. What a strange womanl She wouldnt consult a doctor even if she felt ill. 23. Even if he had been operated on, it wouldnt have done him any good./Even he were operated on, it wouldnt make any difference. 24. It was late, and it would have been natural if the sick child had fallen asleep, but he was awake and his eyes were fixed on the foot of the bed. 25. How would you answer this question? 26. What would you do in my place? 27. I would advise you to go to a dentist. 28. I would never have done it without your help.
Ex. 29, p. 452
1.1 knew he was silly, but I did not believe that he was as silly as that. 2. I wish he had been a bit stronger against Crawford. 3. After a moments silence he broke out: "Would it Ле a nuisance if I begged a cup of tea in your rooms?" 4. You must thank him, not we. Without him we wouldnt have achieved any success. 5.1 wish she didnt look so pale. 6. "If I were Crawford, I would thank Winslow much," said Chrystal. 7. I would give a good deal for that assurance! 8. "Are you glad to see me?" — "Youre funny, Dick! As if you didnt knowV 9. If I thought as you do, I would feel miserable. 10. Mr. Dennants glance rested on Shelton and quickly fell down to the ground as though he had seen something that alarmed him. 11. I wish you had shown/would show more sign of not liking it in practice. 12. I cant for the life of me understand why you didnt wait until they decided. I had expected you to discuss it with me. 13. When Hilary opened the door, the stranger made a quick movement forward, almost as if he were going to stick his foot hurriedly into the opening. 14. Her voice sounded as though something had offended her. 15.1 wish I could play tennis as well as you do. 16. He looked up sharply as if he had made a dangerous remark. 17.1 may travel out with Uncle,
The Subjunctive Mood and the Conditional Mood (Units 1—3) 137
but it would be such fun if you came. 18. He saw it as clearly as though it were before his eyes. 19. But for your friendship I would feel lonely here.
Ex. 30, p. 453
1. I wish he hadnt gone away. 2. She wished it were night instead of day, so that no one could see how miserable she was. 3.1 wish she were my sister, I would love her very much. 4.1 wish it were Sunday today, I would take the kids to the zoo. 5. We wished we hadnt left him alone. 6.1 wish you believed me. I have never deceived you. 7. He wished he hadnt left so early. 8. Randall was so angry as though it were his own money that had been spent. 9. Dont look at me as if you had never seen me before. 10. She looks as though she doesnt/didnt know what to say. 11. Even if we had received the telegram yesterday, it would have been too late anyway. 12. Even if 1 were/had been very busy, I would find/have found the time to visit her in the hospital just the same. 13» If only he werent so lazy! 14. Oh, if only I were sure that it was sol 15. If it hadnt been for/But for the bicycle, he wouldnt have caught up with us. 16. But for your carelessness there would have been no accident.17. But for his bright mind we wouldnt have done the translation so quickly and wouldnt be free now. 18. If I had known that you would come, I should have stayed athome. 19. Iwouldgowith you.butmy littlebrother is ill, and Ive got to go to the chemists. 20. It would have been important then, but it isnt now. 21. It would do him good to sleep with an open window the whole year round.
Ex.31, p. 454
Comments
1—3. In these sentences the Old Present Subjunctive is part of set phrases which are a survival of the old use.
4, 8. The Old Present Subjunctive is used to express a wish. In both sentences it can be replaced with should + Infinitive or the Indicative Mood. Using the latter would make the sentences less emphatic. Such a use of the Old Present Subjunctive is very common in the USA where it is preferred to should + Infinitive. That also goes for sentence 7 in which the Old Subjunctive is used to express insistence.
5. After whoever, whatever, etc. one can also use may + Infinitive or the Indicative Mood. May suggests ignorance or
138 Grammar Exercises
uncertainty and has other limitations which makes it impossibl to use in most sentences, containing the aforementioned word ending with –ever. The Old Present Subjunctive sounds rathe high-flown and more often than not even unnatural, so the bes and safest choice is the Indicative Mood.
6. After see (to it) that, make sure that, check that and tak care that one can use either the Old Present Subjunctive or th Indicative Mood, namely the Present Indefinite if the situatio refers to the present and the Past Indefinite if it refers to the past.
Translation
1. «Да будет так», — ответил Стирфорд. 2. Пусть тебе со­путствует успех! 3. Наступила среда, и он был исполнен ре­шимости уехать ближе к вечеру, что бы ни случилось. 4. Я при^ говариваю подсудимого к повешению. 5. Кем бы он ни был, он должен быть наказан. 6. Позаботься о том, чтобы, когда он при­едет, здесь были все. 7. Он настаивал на том, чтобы мальчик соблюдал постельный режим. 8. Рабочие требовали, чтобы им повысили зарплату.