Владимир Аракин - Практический курс английского языка 2 курс. Ключи

NON-FINITE FORMS OF THE VERB
(TO UNITS SEVEN — NINE) The Infinitive
Ex. 85, p. 483
1. The Perfect Active Infinitive is used in the second sentence. The perfect form is used because the action of the infinitive precedes that of the predicate verb in the first sentence. 2. The Continuous Active Infinitive is used to emphasize the idea of the duration of the action simultaneous with the predicate verb. 3. The infinitive is used in its simple form because it expresses an action following the predicate verb. The passive form is chosen because the action is directed not from but to the subject of the sentence. 4. The action of the infinitive is prior to that of the predicate verb which though not mentioned can be easily guessed at: I am glad… Hence the use of the Perfect Infinitive. 5. The Continuous Infinitive serves merely to make the statement more expressive. One might just as well have used the Simple Infinitive in this sentence. 6. Priority of action: the action of the infinitive is prior to that of the predicate verb, therefore the Perfect Infinitive is used. It is passive because its action is directed not from but towards the subject of the sentence. 7. The action of the finite verb (are) and the infinitive(ro be taken) are simultaneous, so the Simple Infinitive is used. It is passive because the action is directed not from but towards the subject. 8. The perfect continuous form of the infinitive is used to show the priority and
Non-Finite Forms of the Verb (Units 6—7)
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to express the duration of the action. 9. The Simple Active Infinitive (to take off) is used because its action follows that of the finite verb (told) and the other infinitive used in the sentence (be heard) is in the simple form because it is used in a subordinate clause of purpose. The passive form shows that the subject (footsteps) was the object of the action and not its doer. 10. The action of the infinitive is prior to that of the finite verb, hence the use the Perfect Infinitive. 11. The action of the infinitive follows that of the finite verb, so the Simple Infinitive is used. The infinitive is part of a Complex Object. 12. The Perfect Continuous Active Infinitive is used to show that its action began in the past and instill in progress at the moment of speaking.
13. The Continuous Active Infinitive is used to show that the action, expressed by it, is going on at the moment of speaking.
14. The Perfect Active Infinitives are used to express prior actions. The finite verb can be found in the wider context from which the sentence has been taken. 15. The infinitives are used in the simple f ocm because their action is simultaneous with that of the finite verb. The first infinitive (to be done) is passive because its action is directed to its subject. The second infinitive is active because its action is directed from the subject of the whole sentence which though not mentioned in it can be found in the wider context from which the sentence is taken.
Ex. 86, p. 483
to have been done — to do, to be doing, to have done, to have
been doing, to be done to be spoken to — to speak to, to be speaking to, to have spoken
to, to have been speaking to, to have been spoken to to curl — to be curling, to have curled, to have been curling,
to be curled, to have been curled to be breaking — to break, to have broken, to have been
breaking, to be broken, to have been broken to have nodded — to nod, to be nodding, to have nodded, to
have been nodding to drive — to be driving, to have driven, to have been driving,
to be driven, to have been driven

to be rubbed, to have been rubbed
170 Grammar Exercises
to land — to be landing, to have landed, to have been landing,
to be landed, to have been landed to turn — to be turning, to have turned, to have been turning,
to be turned, to have been turned to have been sleeping — to sleep, to be sleeping, to have
slept
to be got — to get, to be getting, to have got, to have been
getting, to have been got to be running — to run, to have run, to have been running to have been read — to read, to be reading, to have been
reading, to be read to be said — to say, to be saying, to have said, to have been
saying, to have been said to arrive — to be arriving, to have arrived, to have been
arriving
to be telling — to tell, to have told, to have been telling, to be told, to have been told
Ex. 87, p. 483
1. Im so dreadfully sorry to have bothered/to be botheringyou in this stupid way. 2. He kept late hours last night, he may still be sleeping. 3. "She must have been very beautiful years ago," Maren thought. 4. Its a secret, and no one else must fee told. 5. Goodbye. So pleased to have met you. 6. Hes a talented engineer. Hes supposed to be working at a new invention. 7. Oh, my Margaret, my daughter. You should never have gone. It was all your fathers fault. 8. She seems to have been working at her project since spring and says she has still a lot to do. 9. Ive just seen him passing the entrance door, so he cant fee working at the laboratory as you say. 10. The next morning he seemed to have forgotten it all. 11. It ought to have been done long ago; at least before their leaving Blackstable. 12. She seemed at times to be seized with an uncontrolled irritation and would say sharp and wounding things. 13. You probably think that I must have lived a very gay life in France, but it wasnt so. 14. No words can describe it: it must fee seen.
Ex. 88, p. 484
1. Maggie was sorry not to have warned her parents that she would be delayed. 2. I was glad to have seen another play by Ostrovsky. 3. The children were happy to have been taken to the circus. 4. This waltz made him remember his youth. 5. I would
Non-Finite Forms of the Verb (Units 6—7)
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like this text to be recorded once more. 6. He cant be still sitting in the reading hall. He must have already left. 7. She must be still staying at her friends country house. 8. Can/Could she have got angry with you? 9. I am very glad to have seen them to the station. 10. I was so lucky/How lucky I was to see this performance! 11. Your next task is to carry out/to do this experiment in our laboratory. 12. Look at him! He must be trying to solve some important problem. 13. They couldnt have memorized my address. They have dropped in with my brother only once and purely by chance. 14. This sad event shouldnt/ oughtnt to be mentioned in her presence. 15. They seem to be waiting for the instructions necessary to perform this task.
Ex. 89, p. 484
1. The teacher made me repeat it all over again. 2. You neednt ask for permission, I let you take my books whenever you like. 3. Will you help me (to) move the table? 4. He is expected to arrive in a few days. 5. Y.ou seem to know these places very well. 6. You had better make a note of it. 7. I heard the door open and saw a shadow move across the floor. 8. He told me to try to do it once again. 9. Id rather walk a little before going to bed. 10. There is nothing to do but (to) wait till somebody comes to let us out. 11. You ought not to show your feelings. 12. Why not wait a little longer? 13.1 felt her shiver with cold. 14. We should love you to stay with us. 15. You are not to mention this to anyone. 16. We got Mother to cut up some sandwiches. 17. Rose wanted them to stop laughing, wanted the curtain to come down. 18. Ill have to go there. 19. There doesnt seem to be anything wrong with you. 20. She helped me (to) get over my fear. 21. Look here, Jane, why be so cross? 22. He was seen to make a note of it. 23. What made you deceive me? 24. He was not able to explain anything.
Ex. 90, p. 485
1. Он не хотел смеяться тогда, да и теперь не имел такого желания. 2. Вы не обязаны ничего говорить, если не хотите. 3. Майкл много знал, во всяком случае так казалось. 4. «Да­вай-ка все это забудем, ладно?» — «Я рад все забыть, спаси­бо, о 5. Всякий раз, когда ей говорили помалкивать, она так и делала. 6. Это моя вина. Простите, я не хотел этого делать, это вышло нечаянно. 7. Я знаю, что мне надо было прийти к тебе и рассказать об этом, но я боялся. 8. «Я буду рад тебя видеть.
172 Grammar Exercises
Приходи в любое время». — «Дорогой, ты же знаешь, как силь­но мне этого хочется. Но я не могу». 9. «Вы не должны отсы­лать это письмо». — «Янепременно пошлю его авиапочтой из Порт-Саида». 10. Я не мог сделать то, что хотел.
Ex. 91, р. 485 (possible variants)
1. They say you read a lot. — Not so much as I used to. 2. Why didnt you invite them? — I simply didnt want to. 3. Will you write a letter to her ? — Yes, if you wish me to. 4. Why cant you go with us? — Im not allowed to. 5. Im afraid you cant come. — I suppose Ill have to./But Ill try to. 6. I see that you havent bought any oranges. — No, I forgot to. 7. You must take more care of it. — Yes, I ought to. 8. She says you are going to help her. — I suppose Ill have to. 9. Why didnt you dance with him? — He didnt ask me to. 10. You didnt sign your test paper. — I meant to, but I forgot.
Ex. 92, p. 486 (possible variants)
a) The infinitive as subject:
1. To punish the child for such a harmless prank would be unjust. 2. Just to look at her pretty, bright face was very pleasant. 3. To fire him immediately is the only thing to do. 4. To learn this dialogue by heart and dramatize it would be much more useful. 5. To decide which of them is right is not an easy matter.
b) The infinitive as predicative:
1. My hobby is to collect coins/stamps/matchboxes/old postcards. 2. The best way to master a foreign language is to learn the basics at home and then go to a country where this language is spoken, stay there for at least a couple of months and get as much practice as possible. 3. The next thing to be done is to find a good, well-paid job. 4. Our aim was to cheat him out of his money. 5. To say so means to demonstrate your complete lack of confidence. 6. His only wish is to get home as fast as possible.
c) The infinitive as object:
1. He asked to come with us./He asked us to take him along. 2. In the kindergarten children are taught to read and to count.
Nan-Finite Forms of the Verb (Units 6—7) PAGE173
3.1 am so glad to be able to help you. 4. We are so awfully sorry not to have warned you that we might not be able to come to your party. 5. The doctor advised the patient to go on a diet of fruit, vegetables and dairy products. 6. The child is afraid to speak English in your presence because he is afraid of making mistakes.
7. Ive clean forgotten to buy a Christmas present for my mother-in-law. 8. Everybody promised not to miss classes again, but very few kept their promises. 9. Would you like to have a glass of Bloody Mary or do you prefer plain Scotch and soda? 10. Who has allowed you to let the cat in? 11. Aunt Polly instructed Jim to take her straight to his mistress.
d) The infinitive as attribute:
have nothing to do with all this. 3. This is a chance to take revenge on your old enemy/to get hold of the most gorgeous guy in town. 4. Benny has no friends to play with, poor boy. 5. He is not a man to be trusted. 6. She made an attempt to make it up with her boyfriend but failed. 7. Is there anybody to shut the bloody door?
8. He always finds something to do. 9. This is the information to convince my boss that I was right to refuse that offer. 10. He spoke of his wish to become as great a magician as David Copperfield and maybe even greater.
e) The infinitive as adverbial modifier of purpose:
1. He came immediately to stand/go bail for his son. 2. Well stay after the lecture to ask the professor some questions. 3. They stopped to rest their horses. 4. Write down this rule so as not to forget it. 5. Ive opened the door to let the dog in. 6. He stepped aside politely to let her pass. 7. To achieve success you must work hard. 10. The boy ran out to meet his grandmother.
f) The infinitive as adverbial modifier of result:
1. She was too frightened to tell the truth. 2. The article is too difficult to translate. 3. The fence is high enough to keep intruders out. 4. The baby is too restless to take him out for a walk. 5. The weather is warm enough to wear a hug-me-tight and sandals. 6. We are too busy to take another order. 7. She was grown-up enough to look after her little sister. 8. The night was too dark to make out the outlines of the ships riding at anchor in the harbour.
174 Grammar Exercises
Ex. 93, p. 487