Владимир Аракин - Практический курс английского языка 2 курс. Ключи

2. Может быть, это и не произошло бы, если бы ты отпра­вил его к настоящему врачу, когда он только заболел.
3. — Меня бы это нисколько не удивило, — сказал Берт-ранд, посторонившись, чтобы пропустить Маргарет.
4. На мгновение она подняла глаза, как будто ожидала это­го вопроса, но он не мог понять, обрадована она им или встре­вожена.
5. — Пожалуйста, перестань говорить об этом.

6. По-моему, они вернулись раньше нас. Они могли взять/ Может быть, они взяли такси.
7. —Почему ты мне не сказал?

8. Если бы не ваша доброта и чуткость, я бы не сумел сде­лать все это за столь короткое время.
9. Жаль, что у меня нет здесь машины, чтобы отвезти вас домой.
10. Будь она мужчиной, ее можно было бы назвать моло­дым способным бизнесменом.
Non-Finite Forms of the Verb (Units 4—6) PAGE145
Ex. 40, p. 460
1. Can/Could this be John Steerforce? Why, he is quite an old man, grey-haired and round-shouldered! 2. "I think she didnt want to talk to me." — "I wouldnt think so. She may/might not have seen you." 3. He cant have deceived them, hes an honest man. 4. Couldnt you guess where I had put the money? 5. He may/might/could know about it and may/might not want to tell us. 6. She cant have failed to find your house. 7. Can/Could the child be still asleep? Its high time you woke him. 8. You might have told me about it yesterday. 9. I would love to come, but I may/might/could be busy. 10. It may be true or it may be not. 11. Could you lend mejihree roubles until tomorrow? 12. Ill phone him, he may/might not know what has happened. 13. Youll have to hurry up, or you may be late. 14. Ill do all I can to help you. 15. Where can/could he have gone? 16. You could have done it yourself, you just didnt try. 17. Come up closer so that I may/ can see you better. 18. Can you recognize him from/by his photograph? 19. I-cant imagine what may come of it. 20. The news may already be known to everybody. 21. He cant have known about it. He would have behaved dif f erentey. 22. Who can/ could have said such a thing? 23. He may/might/could have already told them everything. 24. Wait till he comes. He may/ might explain to us what the matter is.
must Ex. 41, p. 460
Comments
Sentences 1, 5, 6: must expresses necessity.
Sentences 2, 3, 7, 8 express obligation or compulsion from the speakers viewpoint.
Sentence 4: obligation. Afusf /… in a question usually implies that the speaker is unwilling to perform the action.
Sentences 7 and 8: obligation or compulsion from the speakers viewpoint.
Sentence 9: emphatic advice.
Sentences 10 — 18: supposition implying very strong probability (supposition bordering on certainty).
Translation
1. Старикам необходима поддержка. 2. Человек должен отстаивать свои права. 3. Не надо думать, что это так уж лег­
146 Grammar Exercises
ко. 4. Это обязательно нужно сделать до завтра? 5. Она долж­на трудиться с утра до ночи, чтобы заработать на жизнь. 6. После дня напряженного труда необходим отдых. 7. Он знал твердо лишь одно: он не должен/ему не надо встречаться с Антонией. 8. Ты прав. Я не должен/Мне не надо здесь ос . ваться. 9. Право же, мистер Хигтинс, вы должны проявит благоразумие. 10. Дайте ему поесть. Он, должно быть, голо­ден. 11. Этот парень, должно быть, сделан из стали. Он никог­да не устает. 12. Прелестное письмо. Наверное, бедный юно­ша писал его целый час. 13. Должно быть, теперь он уже ста­рик. 14. Наверное, вы ее напугали. 15. Этот человек повидал и перечувствовал вдесятеро больше моего, хотя он, должно быть, на десять лет моложе. 16. Я чувствовал, что скоро мой секрет, вероятно, раскроется. 17. Я слышу чьи-то шаги на ле­стнице. Должно быть, это она! 18. Судя по книгам и бумагам на его письменном столе, он, по-видимому, работал несколь­ко часов.
Ex. 42, р. 461
1. There is most probably/evidently/very likely no one there. 2. He must have understood nothing and taken offence. 3.1 dont think she remembers {Most probably/Evidently she doesnt remember) that she has promised to bring us a map of Moscow. 4. You must have been unaware/Evidently you didnt know that they had moved to one of Londons suburbs. 5. She must have left the door unlocked. 6.1 dont think you have ever met such an amusing boy as our Tom. 7. It must be difficult for you to believe it. 8. The children must have failed to notice that it had already got dark. 9. She must be unaware of it. 10. She must have very little experience/She must be quite inexperienced in translating medical articles from English into Russian. 11. It must seem improbable to you, but its true. 12. He must have failed to/Surely he didnt recognize you in the crowd.
Ex.43, p. 461
1. This medicine must be taken regularly. 2. Homework must be done in time. 3. Peace can be won. War is not inevitable. 4. The book may be put on the upper shelf. 5. The children may be allowed to go for a walk. 6. The matter must be discussed not later than tomorrow. 7. It cant bedone without your help. 8. The matter must be looked into. 9. The magazine mustnt be taken
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away. 10. The letter must be posted as soon as it has been written. 11. May the books and papers be taken away? 12. The dinner must be paid for. 13. Success must be worked for. 14. It cant be desribed. It must just be seen.
Ex. 44, p. 462
1.1 have forgotten my own language and can speak nothing but yours. 2. We must go somewhere. We cant wander about forever. 3. But I think you must have told us this half an hour ago! 4. You cant see much of interest there. 5. I did not hear him return to the room. I must have been asleep. 6. You must have mistaken him.jny dear. He cannot have intended to say that. 7. It seemed possible they might return. 8. It cannot have happened at Ainswick. 9. No good looking back; things happen as they may. 10. To be ashamed of his own father is perhaps the bitterest experience a young man may go through. 11. How could you let things slide like that, Dick? 12. I think you may/ might/could be gfed of some coffee before you start back to your hotel. Its such a cold night. 13. It was known — whispered among the old, discussed among the young — that the family pride might soon receive a blow. 14. And though he undressed and got into bed, he could not sleep.15. You mustnt go out so late at night. 16.1 think it may/might/could happen sooner or later. 17. I may come tonight, may I not? 18. "Somebody is knocking at the door. It must/may be John." — "It cant be John. Its too early for him to be back." 19. I dont know for certain, but he may/might/could have been a sailor in his youth. 20. They may/might/could ask me about him. What should I say?
Ex. 45, p. 462
1. If you think so, you are wrong. You mustnt think so. 2. The population of your city may be bigger, but what does that prove? 3. Now you are free and can do whatever you like. 4. There must be something in this. 5. He may not know/He may be unaware that we are going to do/see/visit the city sights right after breakfast. 6. They cant have come back from the zoo. They are there for the first time and may stay there for a long time. 7. If you spend so much time watching TV, you may have a headache. 8. The boy may/might/could have torn a page from the book you had left on the table. 9. If it is so, he must be punished. 10. You
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can/may find him in the garden, I suppose. He must be playing tennis with Jim. 11. She may/might not know anything about it. You mustnt tell her anything either. 12. She says the trip to London is unforgettable/has made an unforgettable impression on her. She would never have thought that it could be so interesting to see the places she had learnt about from books. 13. We could have found the way to the hotel (by) ourselves if Boris hadnt lost the map of London. 14. Turn another page or two, and youll see a photograph. Tell me if you can who it is. 15. "I wonder what he can/could be doing here so late." — "He may/might/could be waiting for Mary." 16. "What is that noise?" — "It must be the water running in the bathroom. Someone is washing." 17. If one could answer this question, it would have been answered long ago. 18. Who can/could have forgotten a key on my desk? It cant have been Jim. 19. Jim cant have forgotten the key. I saw him put it into his pocket. 20. Could you come a little earlier? It would be more convenient for/to me. 21. He stood there for a while thinking whether he could slink away/off (slip out unnoticed) and whether Minin would get angry or not. 22. I cant speak French, never could. 23. It must be difficult to master a foreign language, isnt it?
Ex. 46, p. 463
In all the affirmative and interrogative sentences to have to serves to express necessity or obligation imposed by circumstances and in the negative sentences it expresses the absence of necessity or obligation.
1. Боюсь, мне придется отослать его. 2. В камин уже поло­жили уголь или вам пришлось сделать это самому? 3. Веревка 1 была такой крепкой, что ему пришлось взять нож, чтобы раз– I резать ее. 4. Но стоило ли ложиться спать, если ему надо было ] вставать в пять утра? 5. Полагаю, мне придется поехать в Лон­дон, не так ли? 6. Вам приходится/надо рано вставать каждое утро? 7. Ему придется/Он должен заплатить мне до воскресе­нья. 8. Сколько времени вам пришлось там пробыть? 9. «Нам придется долго ждать каникул», — сказала она со вздохом. 10. Вам надо/Вы должны ходить туда два раза в неделю, верно?
Non-Finite Forms of the Verb (Units 4—6) 149
Ex. 47, p. 463
1. Dont worry about that. You must do as you think best. 2. My mother was unwell, and I had to go to the chemists. 3. I must/have to go and look at the dinner. 4. Yesterdays rain spoilt my hat completely; I have to buy a new one. 5. There was no one to help him so he had to move the furniture himself. 6. "Oh, hallo," she said. "I thought you must have gone home." 7. They didnt answer my first knock ml had to knock twice. 8. You must always come to me if anything goes wrong. 9. He was very sorry to think that he would have to part with it. 10.1 had a sleepless night. I must/have to/will have to go and see the doc and get him to give me something,.I cant go on like that.
Ex. 48, p. 464
1. a) He won4 have to come again, b) Will he have to come again? 2. a) My sister doesnt have to goto work. b)Does my sister have to go to work? 3 a) They didnt have to go back alone, b) Did they have to go back alone? 4. a) You dont have to answer all these questions, b) Do you have to answer all these questions? 5. a) I wont/shant have to go out after all. b) Will I have to go out after all? 6. a) He wont have to come on foot, b) Will he have to come on foot? 7. a) The students didnt have to read the whole book, b) Did the students have to read the whole book? 8. a) She doesnt have to come every week, b) Does she have to come every week? 9. a) He doesnt have to stay the night, b) Does he have to stay the night? 10. a) They didnt have to begin very early, b) Did they have to begin very early?
Ex. 49, p. 464
1.1 gather you have read a lot in English, havent you? 2. He had to wait at the station till it stopped raining, didnt he? 3. The work will have to be done before nightfall, wont it? 4. They usually have dinner at home, dont they? 5. She often has to go to the dentists, doesnt she? 6. You have to go to school on Saturday, dont you? 7. They will have to do what they are told, wont they? 8. We have to begin before five oclock, dont we? 9. As far as I understand, you had to stay there a fortnight, didnt you? 10. You look a bit tired, youve had a long walk, havent you? 11. She has to clean the house herself, doesnt she? 12. They had to finish that last night, didnt they?
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Ex. 50, p. 464
(1) A previously arranged plan:
1.1 am to see him tomorrow. 5. She is to return tomorrow;)
7. He inquired when the secretary was to come. 10. Something must have happened. He was to have come at eight. 11. Jim reminded me that we were to be at the station not later than seven.-12. Which of you is to bring the magazines and newspapers?
(2) Instructions and commands:
2. You are not to communicate with anybody. 4. She said that! I was not to leave the house. 6. He said that Tom was to apologize.]
8. She says that I am not to lay the table before twelve oclock.
In sentences 2 and 9 the speaker is not giving but asking forj instructions. Both can be referred to (2).
Ex. 51, p. 465
Comments
1. An order. 2. Asking for instructions. 3. Obligation (front the characters point of view). 4. Supposition implying certainty. 5. Prohibition. 6. Emphatic invitation. 7. Necessity imposed by circumstances. 8. Urgent necessity (from the speakers point o: view). 9. An order. 10. The Perfect Infinitive used with was I shows that there was an arrangement, but it was not realized 11. Prohibition. 12. Past obligation.
Translation
1. Я хочу, чтобы ты ее слушался. Ты должен в точности исполнять все, что она велит, и не шуметь. 2. * Ну так что мм делать с обедом? — спросила миссис Хэндфорт. — Переварит и пережарить или пусть остывает?» 3. Рэндал был взволно­ван. Ему казалось, что он должен позвонить ей немедля, долч жен каким-то образом сегодня же увидеть ее. 4. Должно быть,1 в молодости Эмма была очень красива. У нее правильные чер­ты лица. 5. «С нами шутки плохи», — угрожающе сказал по­лицейский. 6. Вы должны как-нибудь обязательно зайти и пообедать со мной. 7. Он проиграл все свои деньги на скачках, и мне пришлось одолжить ему пять фунтов. 8. Надеюсь, что не огорчу и не раздосадую вас, если буду говорить откровен­но. Мне совершенно необходим/во что бы то ни стало нужен ваш совет. 9. Проснись, слышишь? Ты должен немедленно
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проснуться. 10. «Значит, Фрэнк приехал?» — «Да, и весьма неожиданно. Он должен был пробыть там еще неделю». 11. Он все еще помнил рассказанное очень ясно и знал, что надо/что должен сделать. Он взял перо и своим аккуратным, твердым почерком написал заглавие нового романа.
need Ex.52, p. 465
1,5. Need is an ordinary notional verb that serves to express necessity. 2. Need is an ordinary notional verb denoting the absence of neseccity.
In all the other sentences need is a modal verb: 3. Neednt denotes the absence of necessity to perform the action. 4. Need implies that the speaker may think that there is no necessity to perform the action. 6, 8, 9. Absence of necessity. 7, 10, 11. Needntt + a Perfect Infininitive and need never + a Perfect Infinitive show that the actions were performed though they were unnecessary^ 12. Neednt is part of a predicate in a clause of purpose. It is used to show that the person that is the subject of the principal clause views the action of the said subordinate clause as undesirable.
Ex. 53, p. 466
1. You neednt have brought your umbrella, as we are going by car. 2. You needt have watered the flowers, as it is going to rain. 3.1 neednt have translated it for him, he did it himself, he understands Latin. 4.1 didnt have, to answer the questions which saved me a lot of trouble. 5.1 knew I didnt have to lock the door after me, but how was I to know you wanted to come out too? 6.1 didnt have to ring the bell because the door opened before I got to it. 7. I didnt have to help them at all, they themselves knew what to do. 8. I didnt have to write him because the news was already known to him. He phoned me shortly afterwards. 9. You neednt have listened to him. His information was misleading. 10. You neednt have bought such a lot of flowers. Weve already got more than necessary. 11. He didnt have to get up so early every day. It was only on that particular occasion that he did. 12. You neednt have said it if you didnt want to. We could have done without you just as well.
152 Grammar Exercises
Ex. 54, p. 466
1. You neednt bring your books to class tomorrow, we a going to listen to a wireless programme. 2. Im glad the lesson will begin later now. The children wont have to get up so early 3. You neednt/dont have to learn the poem. You must only rea it. 4. Children mustnt play with matches. 5. It was late, and the had to light a fire to cook their supper. 6. You must give it bag to me before you go. 7. You mustnt be late for the concert. 8, made a few mistakes, so I had to do the whole exercise again. 9. need hardly say how important it is. 10. She is to be married nex month. 11. You mustnt miss that film, it is extraordinarily good 12. You neednt strike a match; I can see well enough. 13. Ji was to make a speech at the meeting, but he had fallen ill, so Toi had to speak instead. 14. You neednt bring any food with yo tomorrow. Ill have enough for both of us. 15. We are robe the at 12 sharp. 16. We didnt have to wait long. A bus came almos at once. 17. You must learn the whole poem.
Ex. 55, p. 466
1. We neednt have left the house/left home so early, the trai doesnt arrive for an hour. 2. We neednt hurry. (We dont nee to hurry./We dont have to hurry.) We neednt be/dont ne to/dont have to be there before 8.30. 3. You mustnt follow thef example. It would be foolish of you. 4. I wonder if we have 6 bring the text-books. 5. I didnt have to lock the door, someonj had already locked it. 6. If it freezes hard tomorrow, you won need to/wont have to/neednt go to school. 7. You neednt worry* they will soon be back. They must have lingered near the Hous of Parliament on the Thames embankment: everything interes them here. 8. One mustnt forget that the East End is the horn of those whose work keeps this huge city alive. 9. You needn* continue, I know that next you are going to say that anion Londons monuments of architecture the most popular one i Westminster Abbey built in the thirteenth century. 10. They we: to meet on Waterloo Bridge at 6 p.m. 11. "What am I to tell oui guests about my trip to London?" — "Describe to them the ceremony of changing the guard at the gates of the Tower." 12. She said what time we were to come and asked us not to be late. 13. We decided that the children must not go there alone. 14. One neednt mention that the Kremlin is a major museum and ancient monument. Everybody knows that. 15.1 had to accept
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this invitation although I was feeling off colour/out of sorts/ unwell. I didnt want to offend my new friends. 16. He knew that he might have to stay there more than a month. 17. Ask the monitor who is to bring the head-phones to the Phonetics class today. 18. Yesterday we were to/had to visit Ann in the hospital, so we couldnt call on you.
ought Ex. 56, p. 467
1. Ought to serves to give advice. 2. Ought to serves to express moral obligation. 2. Advice. 3. Ought to serves to express obligation implying desirability. 4. Advice. 5. Oughtnt implies that the speakers action may have been undesirable. 6. Ought to + Perfect Infinitive shows regret that a desirable action was not carried out. 7. Oughtnt to + Perfect Infinitive is used to show regret that an undesirable action was performed. 8. Ought to is used to show that the speaker was feeling moral obligation. 9, 10. Supposition implying logical probability.
Ex. 57, p. 468
1.1 knew I oughtnt to open the letter. 2.1 said you ought to finish your work before going out. 3. You oughtnt to eat between meals; it will make you fat. 4. You oughtnt to smoke so much; you are wasting money and doing harm to your health. 5.1 ought to have taken these books to the library last week. 6. You ought to have told your guide that you wanted to go sightseeing all by yourself. 7. You ought to have waited till the lights were green before crossing the road. 8. Yon oughtnt to have crossed the road when the lights were red. 9. You ought to have seen the performance. It was wonderful. 10. If he starts at eight, he ought to be there by one oclock.
Ex. 58, p. 468
1. Mother always tells me that I must be/ought to be more careful. 2. You dont have to tell him my telephone number, he knows it. 3. You oughtnt to have said that! See how distressed she is. 4. I dont want to do it, but I must/have to. 5.Iought to have taken those books back to the library lest week. 6. You ought to have told our guide that you wanted to go sightseeing all by yourself. 7. But there was no other way out. I had to communicate with him. No one else knew her address. 8. Such things mustnt
154 Grammar Exercises
be allowed. 9. You neednt have written such a long composition. The teacher only asked for 200 words, and you have written 400. 10. "Perhaps I oughtnt to have troubled you." He closed his lipa tight. He was offended.
should Ex. 59, p. 468
Comments
L Should expresses obligation implying desirability. 2, 3. Should serves to express moral obligation. 4. Should serves to show that the action is desirable. 5. Should expresses regret that i desirable action wasnt carried out. 6. Should shows that the action performed is deemed undesirable. 7. Shouldserves to express regret that an undesirable action was carried out. 8. Should is used to show the desirability of the action. 9. The first should is used in giving advice, and the second serves to express moral obligation.
Translation
1. Можете ли вы показать мне хоть одну англичанку, кото­рая бы как следует говорила по-английски? 2. Жена должна повиноваться мужу. 3. К тому же теперь, когда вы заняли бо­лее высокое положение в обществе, вам не стоит/вы не должны игнорировать старых друзей. 4. Надо преподать им урок. 5. Дол­жен признаться, что не предвидел такого поворота событий, хотя должен был предвидеть. 6. Вы узнали то, что я никогда не намеревался сообщать вам. 7. Ему не следовало это говорить. Он понял, что сказал не то, едва слова слетели с его губ. 8. Сестры долго спорили, надо или не надо звать Тимоти, чтобы он пови­дал Аннет. 9. «Вы должны приходить сюда часто, — сказал он Шелтону. — Вы должны приходить сюда часто», — повторил он. 10. «Вы должны закончить свою работу до того, как уйде­те» . — «Знаю, что должен».
Ex. 60, р. 469
1. Modal. 2. Auxiliary. 3. Auxiliary. 4. Modal. 5. Modal 6. Modal. 7. Auxiliary. 8. Modal. 9. Auxiliary. 10. Modal.
Ex. 61, p. 469
1. Im sorry that I kept you waiting, but I had to call home and say not to expect/tell them (my wife, etc.) not to expect me
Non-Finite Forms of the Verb (Units 4—6)
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for dinner. 2. Eventually/Finally we decided that we shouldnt stay there any longer and should go to the mountains. 3. You must dress in your very best, I want you to impress everyone as favorably as possible. 4. You should/ought to have done your homework properly. Then you wouldnt have had to ask such questions. 5. You neednt have waited so long. You should/ought to have left me a note. I would have done all you wanted. 6. They must be working in the laboratory. We/You/One shouldnt bother them. 7. "Why didnt you come yesterday?" — "I was to meet my first cousin at the railway station." — "Then you should/ought to have phoned so that we shouldnt wait for you." 8. Do whatever you like, Im not going togtand in your way, besides I am to leave soon. 9. The party should/ought to be interesting. It took the students so long to prepare for it. 10. Theres nothing funny in what he said. You should/ought to/must be more serious. 11. He will have to work here while the laboratory is being renovated (while thelaboratoryequipmentisbeingrepaired/isunderrepair). 12. You said it in/for fun, but she has taken offence. You should/ought to/ must be more considerate. 13. It took us all day to prepare for their arrival. Everyone had to do something. 14. Such people should be/ ought to be admired. 15. It didnt occur to me to talk to him though it should have. 16. Dont allow the children to play in my room. They will turn everything upside down, and you will have to tidy up. 17. You neednt have bothered the professor. I could have given you all the necessary information. 18. They should/ ought to have kept him from such an unwise action. They are going to be sorry about it./They will wish they had. 19. I am sticking/keeping to the directions I have received. I know full well what I am to start with.
Ex. 62, p. 470
l.The emotional should is used to express annoyance. 2. The emotional should serves to express indignation. 3. The speaker believes that it is most natural for them to want their independence, hence the emotional should. 4. Surprise and annoyance. 5. Should is used in a set phrase meaning Откуда мне знать? which is used as an aggressive reply to a question. 6. Surprise and annoyance. 7. Surprise. 8. The emotional should is used in an object clause after an expression of surprise. 9. The emotional should is used in the object clause to show that the person in question is gloating. 10. Puzzlement. 11. A keen
156 Grammar Exercises
interest. 12. Sadness. 13. Annoyance. 14. Surprise. 15. The! emotional should is used to express the man in questions surprise at seeing the people he hadnt expected to see. It can be translated 1 into Russian as follows: И как бы вы думали, кто подъехал к нему с двух сторон? Билл Деннант и сама Антония!
Ex. 63, р. 471
A. 1. Мне необходимо увидеть ее прежде, чем ее увидите вы. 2. Вполне естественно, что после войны следует восстанови­тельный период. 3. «У нее шестеро детей,— сказала тетя Джу­лия. — Она правильно делает, что ведет себя осторожно».; 4. Очень важно, чтобы вы выяснили, кому передают эти зака­зы. 5. Я хочу сказать, что, если мы собираемся создавать са­молеты, работающие на дизельном топливе, нам совершенно необходимо иметь собственные месторождения магния.
B. 6. Он потребовал, чтобы работа началась немедля. 7. Мы рекомендуем избрать его нашим делегатом. 8. Он приказал, чтобы все они вышли из дома. 9. Он предложил сократить ра­бочий день. 10. Врач настаивает, чтобы детей отвезли за го­род.
C. 11. Если она вдруг позвонит, я скажу ей, где вы. 12. Если вам вдруг понадобится что-нибудь еще, пожалуйста, нажми­те кнопку звонка для вызова сиделки.
Ex. 64, р. 471
1. Im suggesting that you should marry me. Midge. 2. She must be picking cherries in the orchard, tell her to come into the house. 3. "Well," said Emily with calm, "you neednt get into such fusses when we tell you things." 4. Is it necessary, do you think, that the police should know about it? 5. You neednt be afraid of him. Hes a kind old man. 6. It is essential that he should be prepared for it. 7. Soft music filled the room. "That must be a gramophone record," thought he. 8. I propose that the prize should be divided. 9. Oh, I dont know. Its really rather odd that he should ever have been taking her to the Ball.
10. You should have seen that film when it was here last week.
11. It is strange that you should remember the place. 12. Why shouldnt I talk to Catherine? Do you think Im not worthy to, or something? 13. Poor boy! He must have suffered so. 14. You
Non-Finite Forms of the Verb (Units 4—6) PAGE157
neednt answer all my questions if you dont want to. 15. Why should you say such disagreeable things? 16. Go upstairs at once. You must change your wet clothes. 17. It was only proper that Dora, who was young and healthy, should give her seat to that old lady. 18. I think Ill come on time, but if I should be late, please keep a seat for me. 19. He ordered that the gate should be locked. 20. She confiscated the morning papers so that the children should not see them. 21. You neednt wake up before seven oclock. Well start at half past eight. 22. "I was just wondering if my wife was here." — "No, she isnt here. Why should she be?" 23. You shouldnt work so hard after your illness. 24. Henrietta suggested to Gerda that they should go and look at the kitchen garden.
shall, will Ex. 65, p. 472
In older English shall was often used with second and third person subjects in threats, promises and warnings or to express obligation. It is now very unusual.
1. Shall is used to express either a threat or a warning. 2. Promise. 3. Threat or warning. 4. Promise. 5. Obligation. The sentence is an order. 6. Promise. 7. Shall is used to ask for instructions. 8. Promise.
Ex. 66, p. 472
Comments
In sentences 1—3 will serves to express willingness to perform the action or is just a future auxiliary verb. 4. Would serves to express unreality and is part of a predicate in the Past Conditional Mood. 5. Will you…? is used here to express a casual request. The speaker is not concerned about politeness. 6. If + will is used to express a request. Will means are willing to. 7. Would you mind + gerund is used to express a very polite request. 8. A polite request. 9. Will you is used to give an order to someone the speaker has authority over. 10. Casual request. 11. Unwillingness to perform the action. 12. Consent.
13. Wouldnt is part of a Future in the Past predicate.
14. Wouldnt in this sentence is equivalent to refused to. It serves to express an emphatic refusal to perform the action.
158 Grammar Exercises
15. Would + like serves to express a wish. The second would Ж used to make a request. 16. If you would means if you are willing to. It is used to express a polite request. 17. Emphatic refusal to perform an action in the past. 18. Wish + noun/pronoun + would expresses irritation caused by someones refusal to perform the desired action. 19. Here will serves to express a supposition. 20. Would is used to show that the action is a recurrent one. 21. Wont + Simple Infinitive is used to show that the inanimate thing in question (my lighter) fails to perform its function.
Translation
1. Я дам тебе знать, чтобы ты смог там быть. 2. Я скажу тебе, что это такое. 3. Я извинюсь перед Маргарет за твое от­сутствие. 4. Если бы это была девочка, я бы назвала ее в честь моей матери. 5. Выйди на террасу, посмотри на закат. 6. Про­шу прощения. Боюсь, мне надо идти к жене. 7. Артур, не мог­ли бы вы посмотреть, вернулась ли миссис Эрлин? 8. Я хочу, чтобы у меня была твоя фотография. Дай мне, пожалуйста. 9. Попросите их подозвать мой экипаж. 10. Иди, полистай вон тот альбом с фотографиями. 11. Отныне я с тобой не разгова­риваю. 12. Нет, нет! Я вернусь, вернусь, и пусть Артур делает со мной все что пожелает. 13. Ноя сказал ему, что не дам отве­та до завтрашнего дня. 14. Ты не хотела приходить, хотя не желала сказать этого прямо. 15. Она просит, чтобы вы позво­нили ей сегодня во второй половине дня до пяти тридцати. 16. Джейн, я был бы очень рад, если бы ты сказала ему под­няться наверх. 17. Я стучал несколько раз, но она так и не от­крыла. 18. «Не мог бы ты хоть иногда оставлять меня одну/ оставлять меня в покое?» — сказала Дора. 19. Я полагаю, это будет последний бал сезона? 20. Он садился на край кровати и часами наблюдал за ним. 21. Я не могу без курева, а моя за­жигалка, на тебе, не работает.
Ex. 67, р. 473
1. Asking for instructions. 2. Consent; if you will is equivalent to if you are witting to. 3. Promise. 4. Promise. 5. A future auxiliary verb. 6. Will serves to express determination and shant is used to express a warning. 7. Promise. 8. Wont is used to show that the lifeless thing in question, namely the umbrella fails to perform its immediate
Non-Finite Forms of the Verb (Units 4—6)
PAGE159
function. 9. Promise. 10. Invitation, 11. A future auxiliary verb. 12. Promise. 13. Unwillingness. 14. Invitation. 15. Shall is used to express a promise and will serves to express determination. 16. The first will expresses willingness and the second is an auxiliary verb expressing simple futurity.
Ex. 68, p. 473
1. Its going to rain. Look at the clouds. 2. You are to stay here till I come back. 3. I refuse to do what you tell me. 4. I promise you an apple after dinner. 5. What are you going to do now? 6. We hope to visit all the sights of London. 7. When do you intend to learnJSnglish properly? 8. This time next week I hope to be in St. Petersburg. 9. Would he like to listen to my singing, do you think? 10. Do you think, they mean to follow us all the way home?
Ex. 69, p. 474
1. "If I see him," I said, "Ill let you know." — "I should be very much obliged if you would," said Brown. 2. But I shouldnt/ wouldnt lie about a thing like that, should/would I? 3. Would you drive us back to Campden Hill? 4. She wouldnt go in to supper with anyone but Winton. 5. If I were you, I should/ would buy that hat, I like the colour very much. 6. Its ridiculous that you should conceal it from your mother. 7. If only Henrietta would make up her mind to marry him. 8. Why should I suffer more than Ive suffered already? Why should I? 9. Would you care to come to tea with us? 10. He wouldnt look at her. He shook her off gently and gently said, "Well see about that." 11. He pressed something into her palm. "Heres a shilling in case you should need it." 12. I wonder if you would mind me laying down my umbrella. 13. Why, ohl Why should I have to expose my misfortune to the public like this? 14. He would rather listen to the others than talk himself. 15. He ordered that the horses should be saddled. 16. She would sit for hours watching the ships. 17.1 wish you wouldnt quarrel with Jessie. 18. He fully believed, had it been necessary, she would have been a genius at anything. 19. In order to make these demands effective we suggested that there should be no return to work today. 20. Why dont you want to stay another week in the country? It would do you only good.
PAGE160 Grammar Exercises
Ex. 70, p. 474
1, He suggested that the meeting should be fixed/scheduled/ slated for Friday. 2. We asked Mum if she would mind going for; a drive into the country. 3. I would like you not to argue with! Father. 4. Why should I help him? He can do everything himself,, hes just lazy. 5. It is strange how inconsiderate some children: should be to their parents. 6. Its quite natural that students should want to know as much as possible about the nation whose language they study. 7. Would you be so kind as to wait a bit? (Would you mind waiting a bit?) Your documents arent ready yet. 8. We wanted to know some details but he wouldnt discuss anything with us. We were disappointed. 9. The doctor insists that she should stick/keep to the diet. 10. "Shall I bring you a glass of water?" — "Yes, if you would be so kind." 11. It is necessary that each member of the club should take part in the work of its sections. 12. If she should/Should she ask you about it, tell her that I will write to her about everything myself. 13. Would you like a little soup? Its very tasty. 14. As they were having tea with lemon/Over tea with lemon Soames said that there soon would be a war. 15. "Why should I do what I dont like?" — "It doesnt matter whether you like it or not. It should be done, and you know it." 16.1 should read for half an hour or so before going to sleep. Ive got an interesting book. 17.1 should be greatly obliged to you if you would come at six. 18. How should I know what they are going to do? They never tell me anything. 19. Try as I would/No matter how hard I tried, the drawer wouldnt open. 20. The children should have stayed at home in such nasty weather.
REVISION EXERCISES ON MOOD AND MODAL VERBS Ex.71, p. 475
1. If I were as young as you are, I would/should have a walking holiday. 2. Perhaps, she wouldnt look so bad if she hadnt put on so much weight. 3. He walked slowly as though it ached to move. 4. It would be natural for him to go to sleep. 5. It seemed as if all the bare trees, the bushes, the cut brush and all the grass and the bare ground were uarnished with ice. 6. Daddy, if you had been dressed in checked ginghams all your life, you would understand how I feel. 7. I would like to go hunting there, but Im afraid I
Non-Finite Forms of the Verb (Units 4—6)
161
should never be able to bear the cold. 8. He looked like an officer. Anyone would have been proud to be seen off by him. 9. He repaid me the half-crown as though it had been borrowed yesterday. 10. The girls wouldnt have thought so much of him if they had seen him then. 11. The young lady was evidently American and he was evidently English: otherwise I would have guessed from his impressive air that he was her father. 12. If England swept away her hedges and put in their place fences, the saving of land would be enormous. 13. Welch said it coldly as if he were askingto make some concession. 14. "I should/would be ashamed of myself, Clara," returned Miss Murdstone, "if I couldnt understand the boy or any boy." 15. If I might suggest, I should/would say that it would be better to put off the trip. 16. What might have happened or would have happened if Dora and I had never known each other? 17. My companion stumbled, the branch he had been holding snapped and he would have fallen if his hand had not caught another branch.
Ex. 73, p. 476
1. Even if the doctor were here, he couldnt help you. 2. If it were summer we would/should have a walking holiday. 3. If only he avoided/had avoided complications! 4. If only I could keep from thinking about my troubles! 5. If you hadnt walked bareheaded, you wouldnt have caught cold. 6. But for you I should/would never have found a way out then. 7. If I could forget everything! 8. If you werent cold, you wouldnt be shivering from head to foot. 9. If this medicine had not brought down the fever, we would/should have had to send for a doctor. 10. If Anne had passed her exams in spring, she would feel/ would be feeling a second-year student. 11. If he had followed all the doctors instructions, he would have avoided pneumonia. 12. If the boy had known about the Centigrade thermometer, he would not have thought of death. 13. If it ached him to move, he wouldnt be walking himself. 14. If he had heard your words, he would have got offended.
Ex. 74, p. 477
1.1 wish I hadnt left/forgotten the book at home. (If only I hadnt left/forgotten the book at home!) I should read this fragment to you. 2. I wish it hadnt happened. (Im sorry it happened.) If you had been there, you might have prevented it.
162 Grammar Exercises
3. I wish I could swim as well as you. 4. "I wish I hadnt left Capetown," Lanny thought. 5. We wished we had gone to the theatre with them. 6.1 wish we had been told what to do in such cases. (If only we had been told what to do in such casesl) 8.1 w^sh someone would call on us/drop in tonight. 9.1 wish it hadnt bees so cold and we had been able to walk longer. 10. Suddenly she felt so lonely that she wished she hadnt come there alone. 11.1 wish you had followed/listened to the doctors advice. You would be feeling/would feel much better now. 11. I wish you were interested in art. We could/might go to the exhibition together. 12.1 wish you had turned on the radio in time. You would have enjoyed listening to this programme.
Ex. 75, p. 477
1. I wish you hadnt been so careless. It wouldnt have happened, if you had followed your friends advice. 2. But for the moon it would be completely dark now. 3. He looked tired as if he hadnt had a rest for a long time. 4. I wish you knew his address, then we would be able to go and see him today. 5.1 feel as though you had never left. 6. If I were you, I would have behaved more resolutely in such a situation. 7. It could/ might have been done yesterday, but it is no use doing it (there is no point/use in doing it now). 8. I wish I had been with you when it happened. 9. "I wish my portrait could grow old and I could always remain young and handsome," said Dorian. 10. In your place anyone would have done the same thing. 11. He answered that his friend had not got the tickets though he might have if he had come to the box-office an hour earlier. 12. If there were no oxygen in the air, we couldnt breathe. 13. But for you/lf it hadnt been for you, young man, I might/could have drowned. You saved my life. 14. If I were you, I would have these poems published/I would publish these poems. 15.1 am sure that he will behave as though he didnt feel any pain.
Ex.77, p. 478
1. Tell me what you would do/would have done if you were/ had been in my place? 2. But for you I would have left long ago. 3. She speaks slowly as if she were translating from a foreign language. 4.1 wish I had never met him. 5. People were standing around as if they expected something to happen. 6. I wish you would be like me for two minutes. 7. If Bob had gone out before,
Non-Finite Forms of the Verb (Units 4—6) PAGE163
we would have noticed him. 8. But for the underground the traffic in Moscow would be very heavy. 9. She is looking at me as if she did not know me. 10. That would have interested me some four years ago. 11. If I had known what it all meant, I wouldnt have come. 12. It seems to me that what she refused then she would be glad to get now. 13. My dear Algy, you talk exactly as if you were a dentist. 14. But for her words my life would have taken a different course. 15. At that moment she almost wished she had not sent for him. 16. She wrote with her own hand the letters which under normal circumstances she would have dictated to her secretary.
Ex. 78, p. 478
1. Why didnt you follow the doctors advice? If you had taken the medicine he had prescribed, you would feel/would be feeling much better now. 2.1 wish I had asked the doctor when I should take the pills/when to take the pills. 3. But for/If it werent for this medicine, I would have awful headaches. 4. Even if you had no temperature, you had better stay in bed today. 5. He looks as if he has/had a cold (as if he had caught cold). 6.1 would be (very) much obliged to you if you bought me nasal drops and something for ray cough. 7.1 wish the gym were in our building. We have to waste a lot of time getting there. 8. If you had used visual aids during the lesson, it would have been much more interesting and instructive. 9. He went on telling about his trip as though it bored him to death. 10. I wish I were an expert in this subject and could help you. 11. Even if he were/had been nervous before the performance, he wouldnt show/wouldnt have shown it. Astonishing self-control! 12. But for/If it hadnt been for the prompter, the actors would iiave felt less confident during the first night. 13. "Would you like to have a bite/a snack before going?" — "I would love a cup of coffee and a roll." 14. She behaved calmly as though everything were all right/as though all were well and nothing had happened. 15. The old man was speaking slowly as if he were at a loss for words. 16.1 would prefer to have/I would rather have a holiday in winter. 17.1 wish it had happened when you were here. You would have been able to prevent it. 18. If I had more time, I would go to exhibitions and museums regularly. 10.1 do wish you had had time to look about the new districts of our city.
PAGE164 Grammar Exercises
Ex. 79, p. 479
Comments
1. Might serves to express a supposition implying uncertainty. 2. Couldnt expesses impossibility due to circumstances, and must denotes an obligation that seems important to the speaker. 3. Had to denotes obligation imposed by external circumstances, and was to denotes obligation due to a previous arrangement. 4. Are to serves to express an order. 5. Must expresses a supposition bordering on certainty. 6. Couldnt expresses impossibility due to circumstances, and wouldnt expresses refusal to perform the action. 7. Shouldnt is used to express a supposition based on logical probability. 8. Neednt + a Perfect Infinitive shows that the action performed was unnecessary. 9. Are to is used to show that the action is planned. 10. May is used to ask for permission. 11. Must is used to express a supposition implying very strong probability. 12. Cant serves to show that the speaker believes it highly unlikely that the action actually took place. 13. Should is used to give advice. 14. Ought to is used to express advice. 15. Couldn t serves to express inability to perform the action, have to serves to express necessity, and should is used for emotional colouring. 16. May is used to express a supposition implying-uncertainty, and have to serves to express necessity. 17. Cant is used to express prohibition, and mustnt is used to show an obligation the speaker feels very strongly about. 18. Can is used to express physical ability. 19. A re to is used to show that the action will take place in accordance with a plan or arrangement.
Translation
1. Если вы хотите познакомиться с большим количеством англичан, вам, возможно, захочется поехать в туристический лагерь. 2. Одно плохо — я не мог сдавать экзамены весной и должен делать это теперь. 3. Моим родителям пришлось уехать в экспедицию — они, как вы знаете, геологи — а меня остави­ли вести хозяйство. 4. Вы должны принимать по столовой лож­ке этой микстуры три раза в день. 5. В этой суматохе я, долж­но быть, забыла сахарницу на полке в кухне. 6. Он не мог оп­латить гостиничный счет, а кредита ему больше не давали. 7. Полагаю, этот заплыв займет у вас не намного более часа с четвертью. 8. Я зря торопился: он еще был не готов. 9. Сейчас у нас будет/должна быть лекция. 10. Можно, я посмотрю на фотографин? 11. Здесь, должно быть, какая-то ошибка.
Non-Finite Forms of the Verb (Units 4—6)
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12. «Он сказал, что из всех девушек, которые там были, ты самая хорошенькая». — «Не может быть, чтобы он говорил это серьезно»./«Ни за что не поверю, что он действительно так думает». 13. Если вы интересуетесь церквами и исторически­ми достопримечательностями, вам стоит осмотреть Вестмин­стерское аббатство, парламент, собор Св. Павла и Тауэр. 14. Мне сказали, что стоило бы сходить в Британский музей. 15. Я и представить себе не мог, что, читая английскую газету, я буду вынужден искать главные статьи не на первых полосах, а в середине. 16. Если вы не будете беречься, у вас может про­изойти нервный срыв и вам придется лечь в больницу. 17. Тебе нельзя входить. Я не хочу,-чтобы ты от меня заразился. 18. Микробы, вызывающие грипп, могут существовать только в кислой среде. 19. Я слышал, завтра будут отбирать игроков для всесоюзного матча.
Ex. 80, р. 480
1. One can newer know what may happen. 2. You might have sent us a note at least! We waited for you the whole day. 3. Do you think you could/can command an army? 4. Well, your wives might/may not like the lady Im going to marry. 5. Last winter he could/might be seen in the club any night. 6. What can/could Anne be doing all this time in the kitchen? 7. Whatever the reason may be, the fact remains. 8. She may/might/could have lost her ring herself, it couldnt have been stolen. 9. Who can/could have said such a thing? 10. Somebody may/might/could have given her my address. 11. Such difficulties can be easily put up with. 12. If only I could make him understand me properly. 13.1 could have helped him, but I didnt receive his letter.
Ex.81, p. 480
1. I should have been preparing for my coming exam yesterday, but I had to look after my sick sister. 2. He doesnt have to get up early. He begins working at 9.30. 3. "I shouldnt have said those wounding words," he reproached himself. 4. It isnt the sort of thing one should discuss with unknown people. 5. You neednt worry about money. Ive got enough for both of us. 6. You neednt have walked all the way to the station. You could/might have taken a bus round the corner. 7. Sooner or later one has to choose. 8. Mother had to get up and down a good bit during the meal, fetching things back and forward. 9.1 managed
166 Grammar Exercises
to get there at half past twelve. But I neednt have hurried. They had already left. 10. Breakfast is often a quick meal, because the father of the family has to get away to his work, children have to go to school, and the mother has her housework to do. 11. If you are interested in historic places, you should go to Westminster Abbey. 12. She drew a chair near his — he wondered if he should help her with the chair — and sat down beside him. 13. They had to knock twice before the door was opened. 14. She shouldnt have given money to her boy. Then it wouldnt have happened. 15. She had to conceal her real feelings lest anyone should notice how unhappy she was. 16. You neednt come yourself. You may send somebody else.
Ex. 82, p. 481
1. He has bad/poor eyesight and has to wear glasses all the time. 2. You neednt ring (at the door). Ive got a key. 3. The door cant have been open. Ive locked it myself. 4. He may have already got the tickets and we may be able to go and see the first night on Sunday. 5. Can/Could you have forgotten about our meeting? 6. He should have/ought to have been more careful when (he was) doing/conducting the experiment. 7. What can he be doing there so long? He must have just fallen asleep. You know that he can fall asleep anywhere and at any time. 8. One should never judge by/from the first impression. It may (turn out to) be wrong. 9. You should read/ought to read this book. You ought to/should like it. 10. You shall certainly be informed should the need arise/if necessary. 11. Oh, how heartily you will wish you hadnt uttered/ said those words! 12. He looks very happy: his work must have been approved. 13. Really, you might have warned me. Then I wouldnt have had to waste so much time. You should have pretended/ought to have pretended that you didnt see her limp/ see that she was lame. 15. It must be very nice to travel in the south. 16. You may/might/could have just as well done it yourself. 17. He cant have sent the telegram. He didnt go out. He must have forgotten. 18. You neednt have informed them about it today. You might/could have waited till tomorrow.
Ex. 83, p. 481
1. He has insulted our family and he must suffer for it! 2. You should not have gone out without an umbrella in such rainy weath­er. 3. Im afraid I may/might have sounded a bit unfriendly over
Non-Finite Forms of the Verb (Units 4—6)
PAGE167
the phone. 4. "I ought to have told Soames," he thought, "that I think him comic." 5. We might live to their age, perhaps. 6. Here she would sit, sewing and knitting, while he worked at the table.
7. Why should you be different from other people? 8. "Good morning," said the girl. "I believe you must be Toby. Have I guessed right?" 9. If you can read without spectacles, and I believe you can, be so good as to read this letter for me. 10. Captain Steerforth, may/might/could I speak to you for a moment? 11. Anne felt she could not stand much more of this discussion. She said she must go on with her work and began to rise. 12. Why should one make trouble for oneself when one is old? 13. Could/ Would you do me a favaur and meet her at the station? 14. He was not old, he could not/cannot have been more than forty. 15. The day we were to start it rained worse than ever. 16. You neednt hurry. There is plenty of time. 17. Mother has fallen ill, so I had to change my plans. 18. We didnt know what to do; the key would not turn and we could not get into the room. 19.1 ought not to have left Cape Town last night. I wish I had not. 20. "Could/ Might/May I speak to Mr. Pitt, please?" — "Im afraid hes out at the moment, could you ring back later?**
Ex. 84, p. 483
1. His name is Foster. You may/might have heard his name. 2. The face of the woman in a blue suit standing by the door seems familiar. I must have met her somewhere. 3.1 cant find this record anywhere. Can/Could it have been broken? 4.1 shouldn t/oughtnt to have said it to him. He may have taken offence. 5. Everything will be okay! Your daughter will surely recover! (Everything shall be okay. Your daughter shall recover.) 6. Yesterday you came back late. You should/ought to go to bed earlier today. 7. You shouldnt/ oughtnt to have spoken to her like this. She doesnt deserve it.
8. It is necessary that every student should take part in this competition. 9. You cant harp on the same thing al! the time! 10. The chairman suggested/proposed that all those present should air/give/voice their opinions on the matter. 11. You wont have to make anything up. You will be told what to do. 12. Have you never heard of him? Well, you shall! 13. Jane couldnt forget the day which was to have been/was to be her wedding day and which had ended so tragically. 14.1 dont have to get up early now: school starts in the afternoon. 15.1 cant have missed him. I was standing next to the door all the time. 16. He neednt have worked so late.
168 Grammar Exercises
Some of the work might/could have been put off till today. 17. Can I offer you a cup of tea, doctor? 18. One/You shouldnt be so impatient. One/You should always consider other peoples habits. 19. You must behave as though nothing had happened. 20. Do you often have to consult a doctor? 21. Would you be so kind as to help me open the suitcase? Theres something wrong with the lock, it wont open. 22. He was to have come at five, weve been waiting for him for an hour and a half, but he still isnt here. Where could he be? 23. Why should we help him? He just wont work. 24. He sent her presents, but she wouldnt accept them.