Фрэнк Маклинн - Чингисхан. Человек, завоевавший мир

Yule & Cordier, Ser Marco Polo pp. 121–131.

Hollyn Conant, 'Genghis Khan's Communications Network,' Military Review 94 (August 1994) pp. 65–77.

F. Isono, 'Kuriyen Reconsidered,' Journal of the Anglo-Mongolian Society 12 (1989) рр. 3-25.

Riasanovsky, Fundamental Principles p. 83.

Moule & Pelliot, Marco Polo I p. 173.

Martin, Rise of Chingis Khan p. 17; Jagchid & Hyer, Mongolia's Culture pp. 370–372; T. Allsen, Mongol Imperialism p. 25. For the river crossing see Risch, Carpini p. 17.

Dawson, Mongol Mission pp. 33–34.

Leo de Hartog, 'The Army of Genghis Khan,' Army Defence Journal 109 (1979) pp. 476–485 (at p. 480).

SHO p. 282.

Liddell Hart, Great Captains Unveiled p. 28.

Dawson, Mongol Mission p. 36.

Skelton, Marston & Painter, Vinland Map pp. 88–89.

SHO p. 285.

Martin, 'Mongol Army' loc. cit.; Gabriel & Boose, Great Battles of Antiquity pp. 545–547.

SHO pp. 118–125; SHR pp. 65–72.

Skelton, Marston & Painter, Vinland Map pp. 98–99; Risch, Carpini p. 175.

Hartog, Army of Genghis Khan,' loc. cit. p. 482.

SHO p. 286.

The feigned retreat is of course as old as warfare itself. It was used by the Spartans at Thermopylae in 480 ВС to lure Xerxes' Immortals into a trap (Herodotus 8. 24) and by William the Conqueror at the Battle of Hastings in 1066 (see McLynn, 1066 p. 224). As late as 1866 the Sioux chief Red Cloud used it to inflict defeat on the US cavalry in the 'Fetterman Massacre'. For its use in warfare in general see Alexander, How Wars are Won pp. 94–95.

For the huge superiority of the Mongol horses see Denis Sinor, 'What is Inner Asia?' in Heissig, Altaica Collecta pp. 245–258 (at p. 251); Sinor, 'Inner Asian Warriors,' Journal of the American Oriental Society 101 (1981) pp. 133–144 (at p. 137). For the special circumstances surrounding the emergence of the Mongol heavy cavalry see V P. Alekseev, 'Some Aspects of the Study of Productive Factors in the Empire of Chingiz Khan,' in Seaman & Marks, Rulers from the Steppe pp. 186–198 (at p. 192).

Dawson, Mongol Mission p. 37.

As in the relendess pursuit of Shah Muhammad II in 1220–1221 and Bela TV of Hungary in 1241 (see below). Cf also Vernadsky, Mongols and Russia pp. 110–120.

RT I p. 204; Vladimirtsov, Genghis p. 65.

RT I pp. 204–205; Barthold, Turkestan pp. 361–362; d'Ohsson, Histoire I pp. 104–105.

Rachewiltz, In the Service p. 18.

Худу — старший сын Тохтоа-беки («Сокровенное сказание», § 198). — Прим. пер .

RT I pp. 226–227.

Barthold, Turkestan pp. 401–402.

For a general survey of the Forest Peoples see Rachewiltz, Commentary pp. 852–854. For the Buriyat see West, Encyclopedia pp. 132–133 and Matthiessen, Baikal. For the Oyirad see RT I pp. 54–57; Rachewiltz, Commentary p. 852. For the Turned see RT I p. 58. For the Tuvans see Krueger, Tuvan Manual; M. N. Mongush, 'Tuvans of Mongolia and China,' International Journal of Central Asian Studies 1 (1996) pp. 225–243; Lattimore, Mongols of Manchuria p. 165; Bowles, The People of Asia pp. 278–279.

Название североамериканского оленя. — Прим. пер .

Vladimirtsov, Le regime social op. cit. pp. 41, 61.

RT I p. 59.

SHC p. 7.

SHO pp. 115–117; SHR pp. 62–65.

RT I p. 204; Martin, Rise of Chingis Khan p. 102.

Rachewiltz, Commentary p. 852.

SHC p. 173; Pelliot, Notes sur l'histoire de la Horde d'Or pp. 141–142.

Rachewiltz, Commentary p. 854. For the Mongol mania for gyrfalcons see Hambis, Marco Polo p. 426.

Rachewiltz, Commentary p. 851. For Qorchi's appointment to this position at the 1206 quriltai see SHO pp. 196–197; SHR pp. 138–139.

SHO p. 224; SHR p. 166.

Ratchnevsky, Genghis Khan pp. 117–118, 254–255.

RT I p. 227.

SHW p. 311; SHO p. 223; SHR p. 165.

For this ride see Carruthers, Unknown Mongolia I pp. 114–115.

Большой Енисей. — Прим. пер .

Donner, Siberie p. 132.

d'Ohsson, Histoire I p. 157.

Мастерский маневр, ход, прием ( фр .).

SHO p. 224; SHR pp. 165–166.

SHW p. 312.

Pelliot, Notes critiques d'histoire Kalmouke I pp. 55–64; R D. Buell, 'Early Mongol Expansion in Western Siberia and Turkestan (1207–1219): A Reconstruction,' Central Asiatic Journal 36 (1992) pp. 1–32 opts for a different chronology for these events.

Colin Mackerras, Uighur Empire.

Golden, Turkic Peoples pp. 176–183; Barfield, Perilous Frontier pp. 165–169.

Beshbaliq (Jimsar) is located at 43° 59' N, 89° 4' E; Asimov & Bosworth, History of Civilizations iv part 2 p. 578; Beckwith, Empires of the Silk Road pp. 148, 159; Pelliot & Hambis, Campagnes pp. 82–95.

Barthold, Turkestan pp. 48–52; B. Spuler, History of the Mongols (1972) pp. 31, 176; Colin Mackerras, 'The Uighurs,' in Sinor, Cambridge History pp. 317–342.

Brose, Subjects and Masters pp. 88–89.

JB I pp. 53–61; Yule, Cathay and the Way Thither I p. 209; d'Ohsson, Histoire I pp. 429–435.

«Сокровенное сказание», § 238. — Прим. пер .

Bretschneider, Mediaeval Researches I p. 260.

Brose, Subjects and Masters pp. 86–87.

JB I pp. 44–47; SHO pp. 221–222; SHR p. 163; Thomas T. Allsen, 'The Yuan Dynasty and the Uighurs of Turfan in the Thirteenth Century,' in Rossabi, China among Equals pp. 248–280 (at pp. 246–248); d'Ohsson, Histoire I p. 419.

JB I pp. 46–47; Allsen, 'The Yuan Dynasty,' loc. cit. p. 247.

JB I p. 140.

Rachewiltz, Commentary pp. 848–849; Jackson & Morgan, Rubruck pp. 283–284; Pelliot, Recherches pp. 667–67. Bretschneider ties himself in knots on this issue, absurdly claiming that Altalun died before she could marry the idiqut, that Genghis substituted another daughter but that Barchuq then died before he could marry her (Bretschneider, Mediaeval Researches I p. 261); JB I p. 175; Weatherford, Secret History of the Mongol Queens pp. 47, 51, 57, 69–72, 79–80, 91, 97, 102.

Brose, Subjects and Masters pp. 50–54.

Brose, Subjects and Masters pp. 259, 264–265. For the Uighur script see J. Richard, 'La limite occidentale de l'expansion de l'alphabet Ouighour,' Journal Asiatique 239 (1951) pp. 71–75. For their culture in general see Hamilton, Les Ouighurs.

SHO p. 221; SHR p. 162; Rachewiltz, Commentary p. 843; Biran, Qara Khitaip. 75.

The fundamental work on the Tanguts is Dunnell, Great State of White and High, but there is also much valuable work in learned articles and theses: Mary Ferenczy, 'The Foundation of Tangut Statehood as seen by Chinese Historiographers,' in Ligeti, Tibetan and Buddhist Studies I pp. 241–249; Dunnell, 'Who are the Tanguts? Remarks on Tangut Ethnogenesis and the Ethnonym Tangut,' Journal of Asian History 18 (1984) pp. 778–789; Paul Friedland, A Reconstruction of Early Tangut History,' Ph.D. thesis, University of Washington 1969. See also Kwanten & Hesse, Tangut… Studies; Asimov & Bosworth, History of Civilizations, iv part 1 pp. 206–214.

Mote, Imperial China pp. 257–259.

Franke & Twitchett, Cambridge History pp. 155–157, 162, 165, 168–170, 196.

Ksenia Kepping, 'The Name of the Tangut Empire,' T'oung Pao 80 (1994) pp. 357–376; Beckwith, Silk Road p. 31; Gerard Clauson, 'The Future of Tangut (Hsi Hsia) Studies,' Asia Major 11 (1964) pp. 54–77.

Franke & Twitchett, Cambridge History pp. 123–153; Mote, Imperial China pp. 257–259; Gumilev, Imaginary Kingdom pp. 98–100, 593.

Mote, Imperial China pp. 261–264; Solonin, Tangut Chan Buddhism.

У автора Чун-цзун (Ch'ung-Tsung). — Прим. пер .

Biran, Qara Khitai p. 64; Franke & Twitchett, Cambridge History pp. 155, 197.

H. D. Martin, 'The Mongol Wars with Hsi Hsia, 1205–1227,' Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (1942) pp. 195–228 (at pp. 198–199).

RT I p. 204.

For details of the Tangut army see Stein, Tibetan Civilization pp. 70–77.

G. Jenkins, A Note on Climatic Cycles and the Rise of Genghis Khan,' Central Asiatic Journal (1974) pp. 217–226.

Togan, Flexibility p. 70; Franke & Twitchett, Cambridge History pp. 164, 206; Asimov & Bosworth, History of Civilizations iv part 1 p. 213.

Mote, Imperial China p. 254; Franke & Twitchett, Cambridge History p. 157.

Mote, Imperial China p. 254; Franke & Twitchett, Cambridge History p. 183.

RT I p. 204.

Franke & Twitchett, Cambridge History p. 205.

Atwood, Encyclopedia p. 590; Ruth W Dunnell, 'The Fall of the XIa Empire: Sino-Steppe Relations in the Late Twelfth to Early Thirteenth Centuries,' in Seaman & Marks, Rulers from the Steppe pp. 158–183.

Другие написания — Валахай (Уйрака). — Прим. пер .