Фрэнк Маклинн - Чингисхан. Человек, завоевавший мир

Slavery under the Mongols is much misunderstood. Usually they had bond slaves, and nothing similar to the system pre-1861 in the Southern States of the USA existed.

Vladimirtsov, Le regime social pp. 80–82.

Нируны — «собственно монголы», дарлекины — «монголы вообще», морлоки — гуманоиды-каннибалы, живущие под землей, персонажи жанра фантастики. — Прим. пер .

For the Nirun/Durlukin distinction see Erdmann, Temudschin pp. 194–230.

For a survey of the vast change see Khazanov, Nomads pp. 128, 132–133, 148–152; Cribb, Nomads in Archaeology pp. 45–49.

Asimov & Bosworth, History of Civilizations iv part 1 pp. 243–259.

Barfield, Perilous Frontier p. 192.

SHO pp. 212–213; SHR pp. 152–154; SHC pp. 162–166.

Pelliot, 'Notes sur le "Turkestan",' pp. 27–31; F. W Cleaves, A Chancellery Practice and the Mongols in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries,' Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 14 (1951) pp. 493–526 (esp. pp. 517–521); E. Haenisch, 'Weiterer Beitrag zum Text der Geheimen Geschichte der Mongolen,' Zeitschrift der deutschen Morgenlandischen Gesellschaft in (1961) pp. 139–149 (at pp. 144–149).

Atwood, Encyclopedia p. 298.

SHO pp. 213–219; SHR pp. 155–161; SHC pp. 166–171.

Pelliot, 'Notes sur le "Turkestan",' pp. 28–31; Mostaert, Sur quelques passages pp. 244–249, Edouard Chavannes, 'Inscriptions et pieces de la chancellerie chinoise de l'epoque mongole,' T'oung Pao 5 (1904) pp. 357–447 (at pp. 429–432); Yule & Cordier, Ser Marco Polo pp. 379–381.

JB I p. 31; Dawson, Mongol Mission pp. 26, 32–33; Jackson & Morgan, Rubruck p. 31.

SHO pp. 203, 214; SHR p. 157.

Hsiao, The Military Establishment of the Yuan Dynasty (Harvard 1978) pp. 33–35; T. Allsen, 'Guard and Government in the Reign of Grand Khan Mongke, 1251–59,' Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 46 (1986) pp. 495–521; Charles Melville, 'The keshig in Iran,' in Komaroff, Beyond the Legacy pp. 135–165.

JB I p. 40.

Rachewiltz, Commentary pp. 877–878.

Lech, Mongolische Weltreich p. 98.

В русском переводе «Сокровенного сказания» речь идет не о воинах, а о юртах (§ 242). Здесь также указано, что Чингисхан дал 10 000 юрт матери и отчигину, самому младшему брату отца Даритаю. — Прим. пер .

SHC p. 175; SHO p. 225; SHR pp. 166–167.

JB I pp. 42–43; Barthold, Turkestan pp. 392–393 For the Korean land settlement see Henthorn, Korea p. 195.

F. Schurman, 'Mongolian Tributary Practices in the Thirteenth Century,' Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 19 (1956) pp. 304–389. A possible defence of Genghis is his oft declared tenet that leaving the succession to the one who emerged as most able would inevitably result in civil war, and this was best avoided by fixed inheritances (JB I p. 186).

Peter Jackson, 'From Ulus to Khanate: The Making of the Mongol States/ in Amitai-Preiss & Morgan, Mongol Empire pp. 12–38 (at pp. 35–36); Jagchid & Hyer, Mongolia's Culture p. 355.

Яргучи — судьи по гражданским делам. — Прим. пер .

The director of the bureau of political commissars was Belgutei (Buell, Dictionary pp. 15–16, 123–124, 166, 170, 224–225, 254, 279).

Дарухачи — наместники. — Прим. пер .

John Masson Smith, 'Mongol and Nomadic Taxation/ Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 33 (1970) pp. 46–85; D. O. Morgan, 'Who Ran the Mongol Empire?' Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 10 (1982) pp. 124–136; F. W Cleaves, 'Daruya and Gerege / Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 16 (1953) pp. 235–279.

For some of these problems see Biran, Qaidu pp. 69–77; Barthold, Four Studies I pp. 128–131.

JB II pp. 579–583; RT II pp. 406–409.

Christopher Atwood, 'Ulus, Emirs, Keshig, Elders, Signatures and Marriage Partners in Sneath, Imperial Statecraft pp. 141–173.

SHC p. 175. Eljigidei received 3,000 (up I, 000 from the 1206 figure), Temuge got 5,000 and Kolgen 4,000.

JB I p. 39; F. W Cleaves, 'Teb Tengerri/ in Ural-Altaische Jahrhueher 39 (1967) pp. 248–260; Rachewiltz, Commentary pp. 869–873.

Grousset, Empire pp. 229–232.

SHO p. 226; SHR p. 168.

Pelliot, Campagnes p. 172; Ratchnevsky, Genghis Khan p. 99.

RT II p. 289; Grousset, Empire pp. 217, 585.

SHO p. 227; SHR pp. 169–170; SHC pp. 177–178.

SHO p. 227; SHR pp. 169–170; SHC pp. 177–178.

Grenard, Genghis p. 631; Rachewiltz, Commentary p. 877.

JB I p. 39; Barfield, Perilous Frontier p. 194.

SHO pp. 228–229; SHR p. 170.

All of this is dealt with in great detail in SWC pp. 176–182. See also Rachewiltz, Commentary pp. 878–885.

SHO p. 231; SHR pp. 173–174; SHC pp. 179–181.

«Сокровенное сказание» (§ 246). — Прим. пер .

SHO p. 231; SHR pp. 173–174; SHC pp. 179–181.

Fletcher, Studies pp. 34–35.

RT I p. 431.

For the increasing importance of beki see Vladimirtsov, Le regime social pp. 60–62; Pelliot, 'Notes sur le "Turkestan",' loc. cit pp. 49–51; Doefer, Elemente pp. 235–236.

JR II pp. 1077–1078; V N. Basilov, 'The Scythian Harp and the Kazakh Kobyz: In Search of Historical Connections/ in Seaman, Foundations of Empire pp. 74–100 (at p. 94).

J. J. Saunders, 'The Nomad as Empire Builder: A Comparison of the Arab and Mongol Conquests,' in Rice, Muslims and Mongols pp. 36–66; Jean Paul Roux, 'Tangri: Essai sur le ciel-dieu des peuples altaiques,' Revue de I'histoire des religions 149 (1956) pp. 49–82, 197–230; 150 (1956) pp. 27–54, 173–212; N. Palliser, 'Die Alte Religion der Mongolen und der Kultur Tschingis Chans,' Numen 3 (1956) pp. 178–229; Osman Uran, 'The Ideal of World Domination among the Medieval Turks/ Studia Islamica 4 (1955) pp. 77–90.

Gumilev, Imaginary Kingdom p. 260.

Paul Meyvaert, 'An Unknown Letter of Hulagu II, Il-Khan of Persia tQ King Louis XI of France,' Viator 11 (1980) pp. 245–259 (at p. 252).

SHC p. 182.

L. Hambis, 'Un episode mal connu de I'histoire de Gengis-Khan / Journal des Savants, Jan-March 1975 pp. 3–46.

Pelliot, Notes sur Marco Polo I pp. 77–78; Allsen, Culture and Conquest pp. 128–129; Meignan, Paris to Pekin (1885) pp. 354–355.

Amitai-Preiss & Morgan, Mongol Empire pp. 200–222.

Ratchnevsky, 'Die Rechtsverhaltnisse bei den Mongolen im 12–13 Jahrundert,' Central Asiatic Journal 31 (1987) pp. 64–110 (at pp. 78–80).

Dawson, Mongol Mission p. 12.

JB I pp. 204–205; Jackson & Morgan, Rubruck p. 90; Dawson Mongol Mission p. 17.

Alinge, Mongolische Gesetze p. 43; Lech, Mongolische Weltreich p. 96; Silvestre de Sacy, Chrestomathie arabe II pp. 161–162; d'Ohsson, Histoire II p. 618. For the lightning dragon see RT I p. 82.

Dawson, Mongol Mission p. ix.

ibid. pp. 54–56, 63, 194, 196; Jackson & Morgan, Rubruck p. 117; Heinrich Dorrie, 'Drei Texte der Geschichte der Ungarn und der Mongolen,' Nachtrichten der Akademie der Wissenschajten in Gottingen 6 (1956) pp. 125–202 (at p. 175); Skelton, Marston 8i Painter, Vinland Map pp. 90–91.

Yule & Cordier, Ser Marco Polo I pp. 385–386; Yule, Cathay and the Way Thither II p. 224.

Darling, Social Justice pp. 103–106.

Случайных замечаний ( лат .).

See especially the four-part article by David Ayalon, 'The Great Yasa of Chingiz Khan: A Re-examination,' Studia Islamica 33 (1970) pp. 97–140; 34 (1971) pp. 151–180; 36 (1972) pp. 117–158; 38 (1973) pp. 107–156. He writes that there are 'possibly insuperable difficulties in establishing the nature and contents of the Mongol yasa, its association with Chingiz Khan himself, or even whether it existed as a written coherent, enforceable code of laws' (34 (1971) p. 172).

D. O. Morgan, 'The "Great Yasa" of Chingiz Khan and Mongol Law in the Ilkhanate,' Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 49 (1986) pp. 163–176 (at pp. 169–170).

Gibb, Ibn Battuta pp. 560–561; cf also Robert Irwin, 'What the Partridge Told the Eagle: A Neglected Arabic Source on Chinggis Khan and the Early History of the Mongols,' in Amitai-Preiss & Morgan, Mongol Empire pp. 5–11.

Riasanovsky, Fundamental Principles p. 25.

Morgan, 'Great Yasa' p. 169.

Закон не обязателен, если не обнародован ( лат .).

Предубеждение, очернительство ( лат .).

Which is essentially what the arch-sceptic Ayalon does (Ayalon, 'The Great Yasa' (1971) p. 134; (1972) pp. 152–154). Even Morgan, who accepts part of Ayaloris argument, decisively parts company from him at this point (Morgan, 'Great Yasa' p. 166).

Driver & Miles, Babylonian Laws; Darling, Social Justice pp. 15–32 (esp pp. 21–22).

Van Seters, Pentateuch, esp. pp. 190–210.