Фрэнк Маклинн - Чингисхан. Человек, завоевавший мир

SHW: Waley, Arthur, The Secret History of the Mongols and other pieces (1963)

На русском языке издана под названием «Сокровенное сказание». См.: Монгольский обыденный изборник // Сокровенное сказание. Монгольская хроника 1240 г. ЮАНЬ ЧАО БИ ШИ / Перевод С. А. Козина. — М.—Л.: Издательство АН СССР, 1941. — Т. I. Прим. пер.

В русском переводе «Сборник летописей». — Прим. пер.

«Насировы разряды» или «Насировы таблицы». — Прим. пер.

Действующие лица ( лат .).

Le Strange, Baghdad pp. 264–283.

Wiet, Baghdad pp. 118–119.

Broadhurst, Travels of Ibn Jumayr p. 234.

Wiet, Baghdad pp. 122–127.

JB II pp. 618–640.

Morgan, Mongols pp. 129–135.

For the Ismailis see Lewis, Assassins ; Daftary, Ismailis ; Hodgson, Secret Order of Assassins.

RT II pp. 487–490.

RT II pp. 491–493.

Spuler, History of the Mongols pp. 115–119.

Sicker, Islamic World in Asendancy p. 111; Meri, Medieval Islamic Civilization p. 510.

Hammer-Purgstall, Geschichte Wassafs pp. 68–71; Le Strange, Baghdad.

Spuler, History of the Mongols pp. 120–121.

RT II pp. 494–499.

MacLeod, Library of Alexandria p. 71.

Hammer-Purgstall, Geschichte Wassafs pp. 72–75.

Wiet, Baghdad pp. 164–165.

Somogyi, Joseph de, A Qasida on the Destruction of Baghdad by the Mongols, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studie s 7 (1933) pp. 41–48.

Spuler, History of the Mongols pp. 125–164. There is an interesting article, comparing Hulagu's sack of Baghdad with the U.S. destruction of the city some 750 years later, by Ian Frazier, 'Annals of History: Invaders: Destroying Baghdad,' in the New Yorker , 25 April 2005.

For the 'world island' and the 'heartland' theory see H. J. Mackinder, 'The Geographical Pivot of History,' The Geographical Journal 23 (1904) pp. 421–437; Pascal Venier, 'The Geographical Pivot of History and Early Twentieth-Century Geopolitical Culture,' The Geographical Journal 170 (2004) pp. 330–336.

Lattimore, Studies in Frontier History pp. 241–258.

Robert N. Taafe, 'The Geographical Setting,' in Sinor, Cambridge History pp. 19–40.

A good introduction to the 'stans' is Rashid, Jihad .

For this view see Cable & French, The Gobi Desert.

Rene Grousset, The Empire of the Steppes p. xxii had a theory that along the south-north axis trade went south and migration went north.

For the Altai and Tarbaghatai see Taafe, 'The Geographical Setting' in Sinor, Cambridge History pp. 24–25, 40. Cf also Jackson & Morgan, Rubruck p. 166.

Stewart, In the Empire p. 132: 'Sometimes the forest cuts deeply into the steppe as, for example, does the famous Utken forest on the slopes of the Kangai; sometimes the steppe penetrates northward, as do the Khakass steppes in the upper reaches of the Yenisei or the broad trans-Baikal steppe'; Gumilev, Imaginary Kingdom p. 18.

Mount Burqan Qaldun has been tentatively identified as Mount Khenti Khan in the Great Khenti range in north-eastern Mongolia (48° 50' N, 109° E): Rachewiltz, Commentary p . 229; Hue, High Road in Tartary pp. 123–127.

На арабском языке, сухие русла рек или речных долин. — Прим. пер.

Stewart, In The Empire p. 159. Cf also Bull, Around the Sacred Sea.

Owen Lattimore, 'Return to China's Northern Frontier,' The Geographical Journal 139 (June 1973) pp. 233–242.

For various accounts see Cable & French, Gobi Desert ; Man, Gobi ; Younghusband, Heart of a Continent ; Thayer, Walking the Gobi.

Stewart, In The Empire p. 153.

Аррорут — тропическое растение, произрастающие в Америке, а также крахмал из него. — Прим. пер.

Nairne, Gilmour p. 74.

De Windt, From Pekin to Calais p. 107.

De Windt, From Pekin to Calais p. 103.

De Windt, From Pekin to Calais pp. 134–35.

Lattimore, Inner Asian Frontiers p. 12.

Около 0,5 градуса по Цельсию. — Прим. пер.

Severin, In Search of Genghis Khan p. 18.

Dawson, Mongol Mission pp. 5–6.

Нибльхейм — в германо-скандинавской мифологии один из девяти миров, земля льдов и туманов, ледяных великанов, один из первомиров, также Нибльхайм, Нифльхейм. — Прим. пер.

Около плюс 37,8° и минус 42° по Цельсию. — Прим. пер.

Barfield, Perilous Frontier pp. 22–23.

Asimov & Bosworth, History of Civilizations , iv part 2 pp. 275–276.

Gumilev, Imaginary Kingdom pp. 62–63.

For the Amur river see Du Halde, Description geographique ; M. A. Peschurof, 'Description of the Amur River in Eastern Asia,' Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society 2 (1857–58).

For the Amur as the traditional boundary between Russia and China see Kerner, The Urge to the Sea; Stephan, Sakhalin.

Gumilev, Imaginary Kingdom p. 87; Asimov & Bosworth, History of Civilizations , iv part 2 p. 280.

Joseph F. Fletcher, 'The Mongols: Ecological and Social Perspectives,' in Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 46 (1986) pp. 11–50 (at p. 13), repr. in Fletcher, Studies on Chinese and Islamic Inner Asia.

For all these distinctions see (amid a vast literature) Cribb, Nomads esp. pp. 19–20, 84–112; Forde, Habitat p. 396; Johnson, Nature of Nomadism pp. 18–19; Blench, Pastoralism pp. 11–12; Helland, Five Essays.

R. & N. Dyson-Hudson 'Nomadic Pastoralism,' Annual Review of Anthropology 9 (1980) pp. 15–61.

Krader, Social Organisation pp. 282–283.

Barfield, Perilous Frontier pp. 22–23.

Jagchid & Hyer, Mongolia's Culture pp. 20–26.

Barfield, Perilous Frontier pp. 23–24.

Elizabeth Bacon, 'Types of Pastoral Nomadism in Central and South-West Asia,' Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 10 (1954) pp. 44–68.

Lawrence Krader, 'The Ecology of Central Asian Pastoralism,' Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 11 (1955) pp. 301–326.

To say nothing of permafrost. Owen Lattimore established that near Yakutsk the permafrost penetrated the soil to a depth of 446 feet (Lattimore, Studies in Frontier History p. 459).

Barfield, Perilous Frontier p. 20.

D. L. Coppock, D. M. Swift and J. E. Elio, 'Livestock Feeding Ecology and Resource Utilisation in a Nomadic Pastoral Ecosystem,' Journal of Applied Ecology 23 (1986) рр. 573–583.

Lattimore, Mongol Journeys p. 165.

Rachewiltz, Commentary p. 711.

V A. Riasanovsky, Fundamental Principles p. 20; Hyland, Medieval Warhorse p. 126.

Buell, Historical Dictionary p. 242.

Barfield, Perilous Frontier p. 21.

Dawson, The Mongol Mission pp. 98–100.

Richard, Simon de St Quentin pp. 40–41.

Buell, Historical Dictionary p. 156.

Lattimore, Inner Asian Frontiers p. 168; Mongol Journeys p. 198.

C. Buchholtz, 'True Cattle (Genus Bos),' in Parker, Grzimek's Encyclopedia , v pp. 386–397; Mason, Evolution pp. 39–45; D. M. Leslie & G. M. Schaller, 'Bos Grunniens and Bos Mutus,' Mammalian Species 36 (2009) pp. 1–17.

Seth, From Heaven Lake p. 107.

Jackson & Morgan, Rubruck p. 158; Yule & Cordier, The Book of Ser Marco Polo I pp. 277–279.

Burnaby, Ride ; the tradition continues to this day. The noted traveller Tim Severin described a 400-strong herd as 'a constantly bawling, groaning, squealing, defecating troop' (Severin, In Search of Genghis Khan p. 22).

Bulliet, Camel p. 30.

Peter Grubb, 'Order Artiodactyla,' in Wilson & Reeder, Mammal Species (2005) I pp. 637–722; Irwin, Camel pp. tor, 143,161; Bulliet, Camel pp. 143, 227.

Irwin, Camel pp. 142–143; E. H. Schafer, 'The Camel in China down to the Mongol Dynasty,' Sinologica 2 (1950) pp. 165–194, 263–290.

Wilson & Reeder, Animal Species p. 645; Lattimore, Mongol Journeys pp. 147–163; Gavin Hanby, Central Asia p. 7; De Windt, From Pekin to Calais pp. 128–129; Bretschneider, Mediaeval Researches I pp. 150–151.

Irwin, Camel pp. 53, 176–177; De Windt, From Pekin pp. 109, 128; Hue, High Road in Tartary pp. 132–133.