Владимир Аракин - Практический курс английского языка 1 курс

Good-»afternoon, Mr. White. ш

-» So ,long, Mr. White.

STUDY THE FOLLOWING

T a b l e No 1

THE VERB TO B E IN THE PRESENT INDEFINITE TENSE

I ama doctorWedoctorsYou are(not)a studentYouare(not)studentsHe (she) is

a pupilThey

pupils

Ami

a doctor?

we

doctors7

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Areyou

a student7

Are

you

students 7

Ishe (she)

a pupil?

they

pupils?

CONTRACTED FORMS

Are you a student? — Yes, 1 am No, I'm not

Is he a pupil? — Yes( he is No, he isn't

Are you doctors? — Yes, we are No, we aren't.

T a b l e No 2

DEGREES OF COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES

Comparative

taller

younger*

her friend

prettier

her sister

She

than

her brother her

is

sister-in-law

more

beautiful

her aunt

tired

Superlative

the tallest

the oldest

of all the students in

the busiest

her group

She

of the three girls

is

the most

beautiful

of all

capable

activ?T

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T a b l e No 3

ADJECTIVES WHICH HAVE TWO FORMS OF COMPARISON

PositiveComparativeSuperlativefar oldfarther более дальний further 1 более

дальний, 2 дальнейший

older elder(the) farthest ]

(the) furthest ] самыи Аальнии

(the) oldest старший по возрасту (the) eldest старший в семье

Примечание При сравнении двух предметов одинакового качества

прилагательные в положительной степени употребляются с конструк цией as ... as.

В соответствующих отрицательных предложениях употребляются not so ... as

или not as .. as, e g My flat is as large as yours My flat is not so large as yours My flat

is not as large as yours

T a b l e No 4 PERSONAL AND POSSESSIVE

PRONOUNS

Nominative CaseObjective

Case

/Conjoint form Absolute form i "■ -■ ■ ■ -

r

me mymineyou heyou himyour hisyours

hissheherherhers itititsits weusourours theythemtheirtheirs

SPELLING RULES

1.Если прилагательное оканчивается на согласную, кото-

рой предшествует ударная краткая гласная, то в сравнитель-

ной и превосходной степенях при прибавлении суффиксов

-err -est конечная согласная удваивается big — bigger — big-

gest

2,Если прилагательное оканчивается на -у с предшеству-

ющей согласной, то перед -err -est у переходит в i busy —

busier — busiest, dry — drier — driest, но gay — gayer — gay-

est v

3. Если прилагательное оканчивается на немое -егто перед -err -est

оно опускается: large — larger — largest.

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4. Имена существительные, оканчивающиеся на -s, -ssf -xf -shr -chrво

множественном числе принимают окончание -es |iz]:bus — buses; glass

— glasses; box — boxes; dish — dishes; match — matches.

5. Окончание

-es

принимафт также существительные,

оканчивающиеся на -о;potato — potatoes.

Однако существительные piano и photo принимают окончание -s:

piano — pianos; photo — photos.

6. Имена существительные, оканчивающиеся на -у с

предшествующей согласной, меняют у на iперед окончанием -es: study

— studies; family — families.

Если конечной букве -у предшествует гласная, то у не меняется: day

— days.

7. В сложных существительных типа

brother-in-law форму

множественного числа обычно принимает главное в смысловом

отношении слово: brothers-in-law.

8. Существительные, оканчивающиеся на -fили -fefпринимают

окончание -s или -es,причем fменяется на v:leaf — leaves; wife —

wives.

Однако существительные roof, chief, handkerchief образуют

множественное число по общему правилу путем прибавления окончания

-s: roofs, chiefs, handkerchiefs.

9. Существительные child, ox во множественном числе принимают

окончание -en:child — children; ox — oxen.

10.

Следующие существительные образуют множественное число

путем изменения корневой гласной: man — men: woman — women;

mouse — mice; tooth — teeth; foot — feet; goose —■ geese.

11.Некоторые существительные имеют одну форму для единственного

и множественного числа: swine, sheep, deer, fish.

EXERCISES

I. Study Substitution Tables No. 1— 4 and compose as many sentences as you

can.

II. a) Read aloud:

speed, loaf, loom, reach, rose, fill, coal, aim, cube, weave, faint, steam,

tool, freeze, mutton, crystal, tense, shoot, trainer, coast, raze, float, beach,

least, boot, fee, rein, author, veil;

a merry song, a big boat, a simple riddle, a little star, a black bag, an old

goat, a good cook, a fat cock, a good accent, an old oak, a good tool.

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b) Concentrate on the rhythm, sentence stress, weak forms of the pronouns and

the low falling tone:

His -> mother is xill. Her -> cousin is xright. My -> sister is xin. His ->

brother is xout. The -> man is xwrong. His -» wife is xout. The -> man is xbad.

The ^ woman is xgood. The -> girl is xclever. His -> daughter is xpretty.

III. a) Write five words with each of the following digraphs: oo, ее, ea, oa. b)

Copy out in columns the words with the digraphs from your book on home reading.

IV. Write the plural form of the following nouns. Transcribe them:

college, writer, family, wife, child, mouse, parrot, house, bird, man, goose,

woman, leaf, roof, day, son-in-law, turkey, swine, box, dish, sheep.

V. Before you start working at the text practise the sounds in the following

words and word combinations:

1. [i]

— is, in, visit, still, pity;

[e]

— Betty, Benny, well, better, bed, yet, then;

[ae]

— matter, bad, have, glad, Saturday, Sandford;

[зи]

— oh, no, so, old, home," cold;

[D]

— doctor, hospital, sorry, long.

2. a) Alveolars replaced by dentals: in_the hospital; inwthe park. -

b) No glottal stop: Is Doctor Sandfordwin? She_is_in the park.

Shejs^always glad; is not_at home yet.

c) Loss of plosion: badj:old, gladjto see you.

VI.

a) Listen to the recording of the dialogue "A Visit". Mark the

stresses and tunes, b) Practise the text for test reading. Listen to it very

carefully until you can say it in exactly the same way. c) Memorize the

dialogue and dramatize it.

VII.

a) Read the following special questions. Concentrate on the intonation.

Observe the weak forms of the pronouns and the verb to be:

1. ->When is she vbusy? 2. -»Why are you vlate? 3. -»When are you vfree?

4. -»When are you vbusy? 5. ->Why are you xsad? 6. VWhy is 'Betty in the

vpark? 7. VWhy is Mrs. 'Sandford in vbed? 8. VWhy is he 'still at the

^hospital? 9. -»When is she at vhome? 10. VWhy is she 'still at vhome?

b) Change the special question into general ones and answer them as in the

model. Work in pairs.

M o d e l : Why is he in bed? Is

he in bed? Yes, he is.

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"V.

VIII.

Answer the following questions:

1. Is Doctor Sandford in? 2. Where is he? 3. Is Mrs. Sandford at home? 4.

Is Mrs. Sandford in the park with Benny? 5. She isn't in the garden, is she? 6.

Old Mrs. Sandford isn't ill, is she? 7. Is she in bed? 8. She is better today, isn't

she? 9. Is Mr. Sandford at home after four on Saturday? 10. Is he at home after

four or at half past four on Saturday?

IX. a) Complete the following general questions to make them alternative.

M о d e 1 :-4s he,busy? —-»Ishe,busy |orvfree?

1. Are they in the garden ...? 2. Is your sister at the Institute ...? 3. Is

Doctor Sandford at the hospital...? 4. Is his wife in the park ...? 5. Is the

exercise easy. .? 6. Is Betty nineteen ...? 7. Is the hall big...? 8. Are you free on

Saturday ...? 9. Are these lessons difficult...? 10. Is this sentence long...?

b) Change these general questions into disjunctive ones. Mind the intonation.

M о d e 1: -»Is he ,busy? — He is vbusyt | ,isn't he?

X. Give the following sentences in the plural.

M o d e l : This is a pen. These are pens.

1. This is a box. 2. This is a spoon. 3. That is a fork. 4. This is a park. 5.

That is a garden. 6. This is a desk. 7. That is a door 8. This is my bird. 9. That

is his dog. 10. That is her daughter.

XL Give the degrees of comparison of the following adjectives and transcribe

them:

short, tall, large, nice, long, big, red, high, dirty, fast, easy, good, bad, few,

busy, near, far, old, late, thin, thick, comfortable, interesting, difficult, narrow.

XII.

Rewrite the following sentences changing as ... as into not so as or not as ...

as:

1. She is as young as you are. 2. He is as clever as his father is. 3. I am as

tired as you are. 4. My mother is as old as yours. 5. This book is as interesting

as that one. 6. These dictations are as bad as those ones. 7. My father is as tall

as yours. 8. His daughter is as beautiful as his wife. 9. My room is as light as

yours. 10. This new house is as big as the old one. 11. This boy is as clever as