Фрэнк Маклинн - Чингисхан. Человек, завоевавший мир
- Название:Чингисхан. Человек, завоевавший мир
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- Год:2019
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1244
RT I pp. 228–231; JB I pp. 62–64.
1245
JB I p. 64; II pp. 351, 394, 396.
1246
JB II pp. 360–361.
1247
Barthold, Turkestan p. 367.
1248
Wittfogel & Feng, Liao p. 668.
1249
Wittfogel & Feng, Liao p. 652; Barthold, Turkestan pp. 358, 362, 367.
1250
JB I pp. 346, 349, 359–3б0.
1251
Biran, Qara Khitai p. 78.
1252
JB I pp. 361, 395; Barthold, Turkestan pp. 365–366; Barthold, Histoire des turcs pp. 109–111.
1253
Sinor, 'Western Information on the Khitans and Some Related Questions,' Journal of the American Oriental Society 115 (1995) pp. 262–269.
1254
Waley, Travels of an Alchemist pp. 88–89.
1255
Barthold, Turkestan pp. 382–384.
1256
Для устрашения ( лат .).
1257
JB II p. 395; Asimov & Bosworth, History of Civilizations iv part 1 pp. 134–136; Barthold, Turkestan pp. 365–366.
1258
Christian, History of Russia I p. 379.
1259
Barthold, Four Studies I p. 395; Barthold, Turkestan p. 364; Hartmann, An-Nasir li-Din Allah p. 80.
1260
Herodotus (1.203) knew that the Caspian was an inland sea but the contrary views of Pliny the Elder, Natural History (6.15.36–37) and Strabo, Geography (2.5.14) proved tenacious. For the Caspian in the Mongol era see Pelliot, Notes sur Marco Polo I pp. 61–62; Pelliot, Recherches pp. 104–106.
1261
JB I p. 65.
1262
Wittfogel & Feng, Liao p. 653.
1263
Barthold, Turkestan рр. 363, 366, 368.
1264
JB I pp. 65–68, 70–73, 75; Biran, Qara Khitai pp. 180–191, 194–196.
1265
JB I pp. 65, 75.
1266
JB II p. 396.
1267
Biran, Qara Khitai pp. 81–82.
1268
For this part of Muhammad's career see Barthold, Turkestan pp. 322–351; cf also Grousset, Empire p. 169.
1269
Biran, Qara Khitai p. 65.
1270
Barthold, Turkestan p. 401.
1271
JB I pp. 75–76.
1272
Biran, Qara Khitai p. 83; Turkestan p. 402; Pelliot, 'Notes sur le "Turkestan",' loc. cit. p. 55.
1273
Biran, Qara Khitai pp. 80–81.
1274
Thomas T. Allsen, "'Ever Closer Encounters": The Appropriation of Culture and the Apportionment of Peoples in the Mongol Empire,' Journal of Early Modem History I (1997) pp. 2–25; Peter B. Golden, '"I Will Give the People Unto Thee": The Chingissid Conquests and their Aftermath in the Turkic World, 'Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 3rd series 10 (2000) pp. 21–41; Bretschneider, Mediaeval Researches I p. 298.
1275
JB I pp. 67–68.
1276
Bretschneider, Mediaeval Researches I p. 233; d'Ohsson, Histoire I p. 172; Spuler, Muslim World II p. 89.
1277
Bretschneider, Mediaeval Researches I pp. 301–304; II pp. 39–41, 68–73; Pelliot & Hambis, Campagnes pp. 109–116.
1278
JB p. 67; Biran, Qara Khitai pp. 195–196.
1279
SHO p. 221; SHR p. 163; Rachewiltz, Commentary p. 845. Other locations through which Jebe passed, according to Chinese sources, were T'ien Shan, Issyk Kul, the Bebel Pass, Uch-Turfan and Aksu (Martin, Rise p. 231).
1280
JB I pp. 69–70; II pp. 370–383.
1281
JB I p. 68; Barthold, Turkestan p. 403.
1282
JB II pp. 347, 357; Biran, Qara Khitai p. 171.
1283
There is a very good account of the Irghiz River in Schuyler, Turkistan p. 16.
1284
JB II p. 371.
1285
RT I pp. 235–236; JR I pp. 269–270.
1286
JB II pp. 371–373; Barthold, Turkestan pp. 369–372.
1287
Nesawi [Nasawi], Djelal ed-Din Mankobirti pp. 19–20; Grenard, Genghis p. 140.
1288
JB I pp. 303–304; Barthold, Turkestan pp. 393–394.
1289
JR II p. 966.
1290
d'Ohsson, Histoire I p. 205.
1291
JB I p. 304.
1292
Barthold, Turkestan pp. 396–397.
1293
Barthold, Turkestan pp. 396–397.
1294
JR I p. 270.
1295
JB II pp. 390–391; Hartmann, An-Nasir pp. 83–84; Spuler, Muslim World II p. 8.
1296
Hartmann, An-Nasir p. 82; Barthold, Four Studies I p. 88.
1297
Thomas T. Allsen, 'Mongolian Princes and their Merchant Partners, 1200–1260, Asia Minor, 3rd series 2 (1989) pp. 83–126 (at p. 91).
1298
Minorsky, Sharaf al Zaman Tahir Marzavi (1942) pp. 14–15; Hourani, Arab Peoples p. 112.
1299
JB I pp. 77–78; Lech, Mongolische Weltreich p. 19; Barthold, Four Studies I p. 71; Vladimirtsov, Genghis p. 93.
1300
Biran, Qara Khitai p. 138.
1301
Eisma, Chinggis Qan pp. 78–79; d'Ohsson, Histoire I pp. 205–206.
1302
Togan, Flexibility and Limitation p. 57.
1303
Vernadsky, Mongols and Russia p. 117.
1304
JR II p. 967.
1305
The Otrar incident is well documented and comprehensively commented on in RT I p. 234; JB I pp. 79–80, 304–305, 367; IAA III pp. 204–205; JR I p. 271; Barthold, Turkestan pp. 398–399; Pelliot, 'Notes sur le "Turkestan",' loc. cit. pp. 52–53.
1306
JR II p. 967; Bretschneider, Mediaeval Researches I p. 277; Barthold, Turkestan pp. 397–399.
1307
JR II p. 1141.
1308
IAA III pp. 205–206.
1309
IAA III p. 206.
1310
IAA III p. 206.
1311
These issues relate to the classic theories of strategy set out in Liddell Hart, Strategy. See also Bond, Basil Liddell Hart; Alex Danchev, 'Liddell Hart and the Indirect Approach,' Journal of Military History 63 (1999) pp. 313–337.
1312
Clausewitz, On War.
1313
Ratchnevsky, Genghis Khan p. 124.
1314
Чувство общности интересов, товарищество ( фр .).
1315
Bregel, Firdaws al-Iqbal; D. N. Mackenzie, 'Khwarezmian Language and Literature,' in Yarshater, ed., Cambridge History of Iran (1983) III part 2 pp. 1244–1249.
1316
Christian, History of Russia I p. 379; Barthold, Turkestan p. 377.
1317
JR I p. 240; Wittfogel & Feng, Liao p. 431; Pelliot & Hambis, Campagnes pp. 89–91.
1318
JB II p. 466; Spuler, History of the Mongols p. 32.
1319
Eisma, Chinggis Khan p. 84.
1320
Ratchnevsky, Genghis Khan pp. 124, 129–130.
1321
Bahn, World Archaeology pp. 134–135; Gunnar Jarring, 'The Toponym Takla-makan,' Turkic Languages 1 (1997) рр. 227–240.
1322
Barthold, 'Tarim,' in Encyclopaedia of Islam (ist ed., repr. 1993) I p. 673; Hedin, Explorer pp. 219, 233; Stein, Ancient Khotan; John E. Hill, Through the Jade Gate pp. 13, 121, 160–161; Baumer, Southern Silk Road.
1323
Toynbee, Between Oxus and Jumma.
1324
Le Strange, Eastern Caliphate pp. 437–439; Cordier, Histoire generate II pp. 207–211.
1325
Asimov & Bosworth, History of Civilizations iv part 1 pp. 130–172.
1326
Vambery, Bokhara p. 111.
1327
d'Ohsson, Histoire I pp. 212–213.
1328
JR I p. 272.
1329
This is the area associated with the later famous travellers Aurel Stein, Sven Hedin, Albert von Le Coq and Paul Pelliot (see Christopher Baumer, Southern Silk Road). For the Tarim basin see W. Barthold, 'Tarim,' loc. cit. I p. 673. For the Taklamakan Desert see Gunnar Jarring, 'The Toponym Taklamakan,' loc. cit. pp. 227–240; Bahn, World Archaeology pp. 134–135. The Taklamakan desert was also important in eighteenth-century Chinese history (see Perdue, China Marches West).
1330
Yule, Cathay I p. 192. The pass is located at 39° 56' N, 73° 41' E.
1331
Bretschneider, Mediaeval Researches I pp. 13–15.
1332
Le Strange, Eastern Caliphate pp. 497–488.
1333
JR II pp. 963–966; JB II p. 376; Ratchnevsky, Genghis Khan p. 120.
1334
Bira Shagdar, 'The Mongol Empire in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries,' in Elisseeff, Silk Roads pp. 127–144 (at p. 133).
1335
For different accounts of this battle see Lamb, March of the Barbarians pp. 124–125, 133–134; Chambers, Devil's Horsemen pp. 9–10; Gabriel, Subotai pp. 78–79.
1336
Pittard, 'Mongol Warfare' pp. 12–13.
1337
Grenard, Genghis p. 139; Hartog, Genghis p. 96.
1338
Barthel, Mongolei pp. 34–36.
1339
Bretschneider, Mediaeval Researches I p. 14. The Dabistan-Daban pass is at roughly 46° N, 92° E.
1340
The Ob-Irtysh River, 3,360 miles long, is the seventh longest in the world. Scholars dispute whether the Ob or the Irtysh should be given primacy (as in the Mississippi-Missouri case), but the conventional view is to see the Irtysh as a tributary of the Ob rather than vice versa. For the importance of the Irtysh in history see Di Cosmo, Military Culture pp. 181–185; Millward, Xinjiang p. 33.
1341
The ancient mentions are Herodotus 4.13.1 and Ptolemy 6.16.7. The classic description of the Dzungaria Gate is in Carruthers, Unknown Mongolia pp. 415–418.
1342
Vernadsky, Mongols and Russia pp. 57–60.
1343
Lane, Daily Life p. 116.
1344
Leo de Hartog, 'Army of Genghis Khan,' loc. cit. p. 484; Hartog, Genghis pp. 52–53.
1345
Barthold (Turkestan p. 404) estimates 250,000 in total, 150–200,000 on the Khwarezmia campaign and another 50,000 in China.
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